Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: leid- 'to play, joke'
Semantic Field(s): to Play
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Middle English: | deluden | vb | to delude | W7 |
enterlude | n | interlude | W7 | |
illusion | n | illusion | W7 | |
English: | allude | vb.intrans | to make indirect reference | AHD/W7 |
collude | vb.intrans | to plot, conspire | AHD/W7 | |
delude | vb.trans | to trick, deceive, mislead | AHD/W7 | |
elude | vb.trans | to evade, avoid adroitly | AHD/W7 | |
illusion | n | action of deceiving | AHD/W7 | |
interlude | n | light/farcical entertainment between acts of mystery/morality play | AHD/W7 | |
ludic | adj | re: play/playfulness | AHD | |
ludicrous | adj | ludic/amusing/laughable due to absurdity/eccentricity/exaggeration/incongruity | AHD/W7 | |
prelude | n | action/event/performance preceding/introducing principal/more important matter | AHD/W7 | |
prolusion | n | prelude, exercise, preliminary trial | AHD/W7 | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | allūdō, allūdere | vb | to jest, joke, play against | W7 |
collūdō, collūdere | vb | to play together, have secret understanding | W7 | |
dēlūdō, dēlūdere | vb | to mock, delude, deceive | W7 | |
ēlūdō, ēlūdere | vb | to elude, avoid, escape | W7 | |
illūdō, illūdere, illūsī, illūsus | vb | to mock, jeer at, make sport of | W7 | |
illusio | n.fem | action of mocking | W7 | |
ludicrus | adj | entertaining | W7 | |
lūdō, lūdere | vb | to play (a game), mock | W7 | |
ludus | n.masc | play, sport, game | W7 | |
prōlūdō, prōlūdere, prōlūsī, prōlūsus | vb | to play beforehand | W7 | |
prolusio, prolusionis | n.fem | act of playing beforehand | W7 | |
Late Latin: | illusio, illusionis | n.fem | illusion | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | interludium | n.neut | interlude, entertainment between acts (of play) | W7 |
ludō, ludere | vb | to play | W7 | |
praeludium | n.neut | what is played before the main music | W7 | |
praelūdō, praelūdere | vb | to play beforehand | W7 | |
Middle French: | illusion | n.fem | illusion | W7 |
prélude | n.masc | prelude, music beforehand | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Latvian: | laist, laižu, laidu | vb | to release | LRC |
laišanās | refl.n | departing | LRC | |
nolaisties, nolaižos, nolaidos | vb | to descend | LRC | |
palaist, palaižu, palaidu | vb | to let go, release | LRC | |
uzlaist, uzlaižu, uzlaidu | vb | to set on | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | loidoros | adj | abusive | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
refl | = | reflexive |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |