Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: lento- 'lithe, flexible, pliable'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | lind | n.fem | linden | ASD/W7 |
| linden | adj | made of linden-wood | ASD/W7 | |
| līð(e) | adj | lithe, mild; kind, gracious | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | linden | n | linden | W7 |
| lithe | adj | lithe | W7 | |
| relenten | vb | to relent | W7 | |
| English: | lantana | n | tropical shrub with small bright flowers | AHD/W7 |
| lentamente | adv | slowly | AHD/W7 | |
| lentissimo | adv | very slowly | AHD/W7 | |
| lento | adv | slowly | AHD/W7 | |
| linden | n | tree with large cordate leaves | AHD/W7 | |
| lithe | adj | soft, calm, gentle; agile, supple | AHD/W7 | |
| rallentando | adv | with gradual decrease in tempo | AHD/W7 | |
| relent | vb | to become less harsh/strict/severe | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | linde | n | linden | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | līδi | adj | lithe, gracious, pleasant | ASD |
| Old High German: | lind(e) | adj | lithe | ASD |
| lindi | adj | gentle | W7 | |
| linta | n | linden | ASD | |
| German: | gelind(e) | adj | lithe, gracious, pleasant | ASD |
| Linde | n | linden | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | linr | adj | lithe, yielding | ODE |
| Icelandic: | lind | n | linden; spear, shield | ASD |
| linr | adj | lithe, gracious, pleasant | ASD | |
| Danish: | lind | n | linden | TLL |
| Swedish: | lind | n | linden | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | galeiþan | vb.str.I | to go, come, travel | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | lentus | adj | slow, pliant, sluggish | W7 |
| New Latin: | lantana | n.fem | (genus name) | W7 |
| Italian: | allentare | vb | to loosen, slow down | CID/W7 |
| lentamente | adv | slowly | W7 | |
| lento, lentissimo | adj | slow(est) | W7 | |
| rallentare | vb | to slow down | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
