Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: les- 'to lease, collect, pick up'
Semantic Field(s): to Gather, Collect
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | lesan, læs, lǣson, lesen | vb | to lease | ASD |
Middle English: | lesen | vb | to lease | CDC |
English: | lease | vb | to glean, gather, collect, pick up/out | ASD/CDC |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | lesa | vb | to lease; read, peruse | ASD/CDC |
Dutch: | lezen | vb | to lease; read, peruse | ASD/CDC |
Old Saxon: | lesan | vb | to lease; read, peruse | ASD/CDC |
Middle Low German: | lesen | vb | to lease; read, peruse | ASD/CDC |
Old High German: | lesan | vb | to lease; read, peruse | ASD/CDC |
German: | lesen | vb | to read | CDC |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | lesa | vb | to lease; read, express, concoct | LRC |
Icelandic: | lesa | vb | to lease | ASD |
Danish: | læse | vb | to read | CDC |
Swedish: | läsa | vb | to read | CDC |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *lisan | vb.str.VI | to lease | ASD/CDC/GED |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | lesti | vb | to lease (corn) | CDC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
VI | = | class 6 |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |