Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. leu- 'to free, cut off, separate'
Semantic Field(s): Free (adj), to Release, to Separate
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | forlēosan | vb.str | to lose | ASD/W7 |
lēas | adj/sfx | vain, false; loose, bereft of; -less | ASD/W7 | |
lēas | n.neut | lie, deceit, falsehood | ASD | |
lēasian | vb.wk | to lie, deceive, prevaricate | ASD/W7 | |
*lēosan | vb.str.II | to lose | W7 | |
los | n.neut | loss, destruction | ASD/W7 | |
losian | vb.wk | to lose, perish, get lost | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | absolute | adj | absolute | W7 |
absolven | vb | to absolve | W7 | |
as(s)oilen, as(s)oilien, assoylen | vb | to assoil | W7 | |
dissolven | vb | to dissolve | W7 | |
forloren | vb.past.ptc | lost, forlorn | W7 | |
lesen | vb | to lose, suffer loss | W7 | |
lesing | n | leasing | W7 | |
-les(se) | adj.sfx | -less | W7 | |
lorn | adj | lorn | W7 | |
los | n | loss | W7 | |
losel | n | rogue, rascal, worthless person | W7 | |
losen | vb | to lose, ruin | W7 | |
lous | n | louse | W7 | |
parlesie | n | palsy | W7 | |
soluble | adj | soluble | W7 | |
solven | vb | to solve | W7 | |
English: | absolute | adj | perfect, free from imperfection | AHD/W7 |
absolve | vb.trans | to free from obligation/consequences of guilt | AHD/W7 | |
analysis | n | separation of whole into component parts | AHD/W7 | |
assoil | vb.trans | to absolve, pardon | AHD/W7 | |
catalysis | n | increase/modification in rate of chemical reaction | AHD/W7 | |
dialysis | n | separating substances in solution | AHD/W7 | |
dissolve | vb | to destroy, cause to disperse/disappear | AHD/W7 | |
forlorn | adj | bereft, forsaken | AHD/W7 | |
lag | n | barrel stave | AHD/W7 | |
leasing | n | lie, falsehood, act of lying | AHD/W7 | |
leister | n | fishing spear with barbed prongs | AHD/W7 | |
-less | adj.sfx | devoid of, not having | AHD/W7 | |
loess | n | unstratified loamy material thought to be deposited by wind | AHD/W7 | |
loose | adj | not (rigidly/securely) fastened/attached | AHD/W7 | |
lorn | adj | lost, ruined | AHD/W7 | |
lose, lost | vb.str | to damn, bring to destruction | AHD/W7 | |
losel | n | worthless person | AHD/W7 | |
loss | n | act of losing | AHD/W7 | |
lues | n | syphilis | AHD/W7 | |
lyase | n | (kind of) enzyme | AHD | |
lyo- | pfx | dispersion, dispersed state | AHD/W7 | |
lysis | n | gradual decline in, e.g., fever | AHD/W7 | |
-lyte | n.sfx | substance able to undergo decomposition | AHD/W7 | |
-lytic | adj.sfx | re: decomposition | AHD/W7 | |
lytic | adj | re: lysis/lysin | AHD/W7 | |
Nameless | prop.n | a.k.a. Sauron in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
palsy | n | paralysis | AHD/W7 | |
paralysis | n | complete/partial loss of bodily function | AHD/W7 | |
resolute | adj | resolved, marked by firm determination | AHD/W7 | |
resolve | vb | to melt, dissolve | AHD/W7 | |
soluble | adj | susceptible to being dissolved (as if) in fluid | AHD/W7 | |
solute | n | dissolved substance | AHD/W7 | |
solve | vb.trans | to find solution | AHD/W7 | |
tachylyte | n | black glassy basalt | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | assoilzie | vb | to assoil | CDC |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | lās | adj | loose, without, free from | ASD |
Dutch: | verliezen | vb | to lose | ASD |
Old Saxon: | lōs | adj | false; loose, free from | ASD |
Old High German: | lōs | adj | loose | W7 |
German: | los | adj | loose, without, free from | ASD |
Löß | n.masc | loess | W7 | |
Tachylyt | n | tachylyte | W7 | |
verlieren | vb.str | to lose | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | lauss | adj | loose, free | LRC |
ljósta | vb | to strike | LRC | |
ljōstr | n | leister | W7 | |
losa | vb | to loosen | W7 | |
lögg | n | barrel rim | W7 | |
Icelandic: | lauss | adj | loose, free, void | ASD |
los | n | looseness, breaking up | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | laus | adj | vain, empty | ASD |
láusjan | vb.wk.I | to free, deliver | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | absolvo, absolvere, absolvi, absolutus | vb | to absolve, discharge, set free | W7 |
dissolvo, dissolvere | vb | to untie, to dissolve | W7 | |
lues | n.fem | plague | W7 | |
luo, luere | vb | to release | W7 | |
paralysis | n.fem | paralysis | W7 | |
resolvo, resolvere, resolvi, resolutus | vb | to resolve, loosen | W7 | |
solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus | vb | to loosen, dissolve | W7 | |
Late Latin: | solubilis | adj | soluble | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | analysis | n | analysis | AHD |
New Latin: | analysis | n.fem | analysis, breaking up | W7 |
dialysis | n.fem | dialysis | W7 | |
lyo- | pfx | loosening, dispersion | W7 | |
lysis | n | loosening, dissolution | W7 | |
Old French: | as(s)oldre, assoil(li)er | vb | to assoil | CDC/W7 |
Middle French: | paralisie | n.fem | paralysis | W7 |
soluble | adj | able to be loosened/dissolved | W7 | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | analysis | n.fem | breaking up | W7 |
analyw | vb | to break up | W7 | |
dialysis | n.fem | separation | W7 | |
dialyw | vb | to dissolve | W7 | |
katalysis | n.fem | dissolution | W7 | |
katalyw | vb | to dissolve | W7 | |
lysis | n.fem | act of loosening | W7 | |
lytikos | adj | able to loosen | W7 | |
lytos | adj | that may be untied, soluble | W7 | |
λύω | vb | to loosen, free | LRC | |
paralysis | n.fem | paralysis | W7 | |
paralyw | vb | to loosen, disable | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
II | = | class 2 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
past | = | past (tense) |
pfx | = | prefix |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |