Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. leug- 'to bend'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | belūcan, belēac, belucon, belocen | vb.str.II | to lock, shut, close | LRC |
lé(a)c, lǣc | n.neut | leek, garden herb | ASD/KEW | |
loc | n.neut | lock: fastening | ASD/W7 | |
locc | n.masc | lock: hair | ASD/W7 | |
lūcan, lēac, lucon, locen | vb.str.II | to lock | LRC | |
Middle English: | leek | n | leek | W7 |
lok | n | lock: hair/fastening | W7 | |
English: | Leaflock | prop.n | Ent a.k.a. Finglas in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
leek | n | biennial garden herb in lily family | W7 | |
lock | n | bolt, bar, fastening (operated e.g. by key) | W7 | |
lock | n | tuft/tress/ringlet of hair | W7 | |
lock | vb | to close/fasten/secure with lock | W7 | |
lockhole | n | hobbit lock-up in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | lūka | vb | to lock, close | ASD |
Old Saxon: | ant-lūkan | vb | to lock, close | ASD |
bi-lūkan | vb | to lock, close | ASD | |
lôk | n | leek | KSW | |
Old High German: | loc(c) | n | lock: hair | ASD/W7 |
loh | n.neut | lock: fastening | ASD/W7 | |
louh | n | leek | KDW | |
lūhhan | vb | to lock, close | ASD | |
German: | Lauch | n | leek | LRC |
Locke | n | lock: hair | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | laukr | n.masc | leek; plant | LRC |
lúka | vb | to end, finish, use up | LRC | |
Old Icelandic: | lok | n.neut | lock: fastening | IEW |
Icelandic: | lok | n | conclusion | ASD |
loka | n | lock, latch | ASD | |
lokkr | n | lock: hair | ASD | |
lúka | vb | to lock, close | ASD | |
Danish: | løg | n | onion | TLL |
Swedish: | lock | n | lid, cover | LRC |
lök | n | onion | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | galūkan | vb.str.II | to lock | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
II | = | class 2 |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
KSW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |