Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. leug- 'to bend'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | belūcan, belēac, belucon, belocen | vb.str.II | to lock, shut, close | LRC |
| lé(a)c, lǣc | n.neut | leek, garden herb | ASD/KEW | |
| loc | n.neut | lock: fastening | ASD/W7 | |
| locc | n.masc | lock: hair | ASD/W7 | |
| lūcan, lēac, lucon, locen | vb.str.II | to lock | LRC | |
| Middle English: | leek | n | leek | W7 |
| lok | n | lock: hair/fastening | W7 | |
| English: | Leaflock | prop.n | Ent a.k.a. Finglas in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| leek | n | biennial garden herb in lily family | W7 | |
| lock | n | bolt, bar, fastening (operated e.g. by key) | W7 | |
| lock | n | tuft/tress/ringlet of hair | W7 | |
| lock | vb | to close/fasten/secure with lock | W7 | |
| lockhole | n | hobbit lock-up in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | lūka | vb | to lock, close | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | ant-lūkan | vb | to lock, close | ASD |
| bi-lūkan | vb | to lock, close | ASD | |
| lôk | n | leek | KSW | |
| Old High German: | loc(c) | n | lock: hair | ASD/W7 |
| loh | n.neut | lock: fastening | ASD/W7 | |
| louh | n | leek | KDW | |
| lūhhan | vb | to lock, close | ASD | |
| German: | Lauch | n | leek | LRC |
| Locke | n | lock: hair | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | laukr | n.masc | leek; plant | LRC |
| lúka | vb | to end, finish, use up | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | lok | n.neut | lock: fastening | IEW |
| Icelandic: | lok | n | conclusion | ASD |
| loka | n | lock, latch | ASD | |
| lokkr | n | lock: hair | ASD | |
| lúka | vb | to lock, close | ASD | |
| Danish: | løg | n | onion | TLL |
| Swedish: | lock | n | lid, cover | LRC |
| lök | n | onion | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | galūkan | vb.str.II | to lock | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| KSW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |