Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. leugh- 'to lie, belie, prevaricate'
Semantic Field(s): Lie, Falsehood, Deceit
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | belēogan | vb | to belie, deceive with lies | AHD |
lēogan, lēah, lugon, lēogen | vb.str | to lie | ASD/W7 | |
-loga | sfx | -lock | W7 | |
wǣrloga | n | one who breaks faith | W7 | |
Middle English: | belien | vb | to belie | AHD |
lien | vb | to lie | W7 | |
warloghe | n | warlock | W7 | |
English: | belie | vb | to tell lies, give false impression | AHD/W7 |
lie | vb.wk | to prevaricate, make untrue statement | AHD/W7 | |
warlock | n | sorcerer, one using black magic | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | liaga | vb | to lie | ASD |
Old Saxon: | liogan | vb | to lie | ASD |
Old High German: | liogan, liugan | vb | to lie | ASD/W7 |
German: | leugnen | vb | to deny | LRC |
lügen | vb | to lie | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | ljúga | vb | to lie | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | liugan | vb | to lie | ASD |
Baltic | ||||
Latvian: | pielūgt, pielūdzu, pielūdzu | vb | to worship | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Slavic: | lŭgati | vb | to lie | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
n | = | noun |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |