Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. mai- 'to maim, hew, cut with sharp instrument'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Scots Gaelic: | maol | adj | bald, hornless | W7 |
Welsh: | moel | adj | bald, bare; mechanical | W7/WE |
English | ||||
Old English: | æmette | n | emmet | W7 |
gemād | adj | silly | W7 | |
mīte | n | mite | W7 | |
Middle English: | ante | n | ant | W7 |
emete | n | emmet | W7 | |
manglen | vb | to mangle | W7 | |
mayme | n | mayhem | W7 | |
maymen, maynhen | vb | to maim | W7 | |
mite | n | mite | W7 | |
English: | ant | n | colonial hymenopterous insect | AHD/W7 |
emmet | n | ant | AHD/W7 | |
maim | vb.trans | to commit mayhem upon | AHD/W7 | |
mangle | vb.trans | to cut/hack/bruise with repeated blows/strokes | AHD/W7 | |
mayhem | n | willful/permanent deprivation of limb (bodily member) | AHD/W7 | |
mite | n | small/minute arachnid | AHD/W7 | |
muley | adj | polled, hornless | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | mite | n | mite; small copper coin | W7 |
Old High German: | āmeiza | n | emmet | W7 |
meizan | vb | to cut | W7 | |
German: | Ameise | n.fem | emmet | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Old French: | mahaim | n.masc | mayhem | W7 |
maynier | vb | to maim | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | mahaim | n.masc | mayhem | W7 |
mangler | vb | to maim, mangle | W7 | |
Middle French: | mite | n.fem | small Flemish copper coin | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
WE | = | H. Meurig Evans and W.O. Thomas: Welsh-English, English-Welsh Dictionary (1969) |