Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. mai- 'to maim, hew, cut with sharp instrument'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Scots Gaelic: | maol | adj | bald, hornless | W7 |
| Welsh: | moel | adj | bald, bare; mechanical | W7/WE |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | æmette | n | emmet | W7 |
| gemād | adj | silly | W7 | |
| mīte | n | mite | W7 | |
| Middle English: | ante | n | ant | W7 |
| emete | n | emmet | W7 | |
| manglen | vb | to mangle | W7 | |
| mayme | n | mayhem | W7 | |
| maymen, maynhen | vb | to maim | W7 | |
| mite | n | mite | W7 | |
| English: | ant | n | colonial hymenopterous insect | AHD/W7 |
| emmet | n | ant | AHD/W7 | |
| maim | vb.trans | to commit mayhem upon | AHD/W7 | |
| mangle | vb.trans | to cut/hack/bruise with repeated blows/strokes | AHD/W7 | |
| mayhem | n | willful/permanent deprivation of limb (bodily member) | AHD/W7 | |
| mite | n | small/minute arachnid | AHD/W7 | |
| muley | adj | polled, hornless | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | mite | n | mite; small copper coin | W7 |
| Old High German: | āmeiza | n | emmet | W7 |
| meizan | vb | to cut | W7 | |
| German: | Ameise | n.fem | emmet | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Old French: | mahaim | n.masc | mayhem | W7 |
| maynier | vb | to maim | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | mahaim | n.masc | mayhem | W7 |
| mangler | vb | to maim, mangle | W7 | |
| Middle French: | mite | n.fem | small Flemish copper coin | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
| WE | = | H. Meurig Evans and W.O. Thomas: Welsh-English, English-Welsh Dictionary (1969) |