Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: manu-s, or monu-s 'man, human being'
Semantic Field(s): Man, Human Being
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | monn, man | n.str.masc | man, person; (name for) M-rune | LRC |
| mon(n)-cynn, man(n)-cynn | n.neut | mankind | LRC | |
| wīf-man(n), wīf-men | n.str.masc | woman, lit. wife-man | ASD/W7 | |
| wīm-man(n), wīm-men | n.str.masc | woman, lit. wife-man | ASD | |
| Middle English: | lefman, leman | n | leman, lit. lief-man | W7 |
| man | n | man | W7 | |
| mankunde, mankyn(de) | n | mankind | MEV | |
| Norman | prop.n | Viking, lit. north-man | W7 | |
| woman, women | n | woman | W7 | |
| yoman | n | yeoman | W7 | |
| English: | Barliman | prop.n | Bree innkeeper in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| fugleman | n | trained soldier posted as model for men at drill | AHD/W7 | |
| Holman | prop.n | hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| leman | n | lover, sweetheart | AHD/W7 | |
| man, men | n.str | adult male human being | AHD/W7 | |
| manikin | n | mannequin | AHD/W7 | |
| mankind | n | human race, all human beings | W7 | |
| mannequin | n | lay figure for artist/tailor/dressmaker | AHD/W7 | |
| Mansbane | prop.n | a.k.a. Felarof in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Manu | prop.n | progenitor of human race (Hinduism) | AHD/CDC | |
| mens(c)h | n | one having admirable characteristics | AHD | |
| merman, mermen | n | fabled marine creature: fish-tailed man | W7 | |
| muzhik | n | Russian peasant | AHD | |
| Norman | prop.n | man from Normandy (esp. ca. 1066) | AHD/W7 | |
| ombudsman | n | one who investigates complaints and mediates settlements | AHD | |
| Púkel-men | prop.n.pl | Wose-like statues in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Sandyman | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Saruman | prop.n | treacherous white wizard in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| westmansweed | n | pipe-weed in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| woman, women | n | adult female human being | W7 | |
| Woodmen | prop.n.pl | Mirkwood dwellers in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| yeoman, yeomen | n | officer/attendant in royal/noble household | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | charwoman | n | woman hired to clean house/office | W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | man | n | man | W7 |
| mannekijn | n | little man | W7 | |
| Dutch: | bemanning | n | crew | TLL |
| man | n | man, husband | TLL | |
| mannekijn | n | little man | W7 | |
| mins | n | man | LRC | |
| Old Saxon: | man-kunni | n | mankind | ASD |
| Old High German: | man | n.masc | man | W7 |
| man-chunni | n.neut | mankind | ASD | |
| mennisco | n | human being | AHD | |
| Middle High German: | mensch | n.masc | human being | AHD |
| German: | Flügelmann | n.masc | fugleman | W7 |
| Mann | n.masc | man | W7 | |
| Mannschaft | n | crew | TLL | |
| Mensch | n.masc | man, person, human being | LRC | |
| Yiddish: | Mensch | n.masc | mensch, human being | AHD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | *mannaz | n | man; (name for) M-rune | LRC |
| Old Norse: | maðr | n.masc | man, person; husband; henchman | LRC |
| Norþmaðr | n | Norseman | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | mann-kyn | n.fem | mankind | ASD |
| Danish: | mand | n | man, husband | TLL |
| mandskab | n | crew | TLL | |
| menneske | n | man | LRC | |
| Swedish: | man | n.masc | man | TLL |
| människa | n | man | LRC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | manna | n.irr.masc | man | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Old French: | Normant | adj | Norman, from Normandy | W7 |
| French: | mannequin | n.masc | model, dress stand | W7 |
| Slavic | ||||
| Russian: | muzh | n | man, male | AHD |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | manuḥ | n | man | AHD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| irr | = | irregular |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |