Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. mei-t(h)- 'to commute, (ex)change'
Semantic Field(s): to Change, to Trade
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gemād | adj | mad, silly | W7 |
| gemǣdan | vb.wk | to madden | ASD/W7 | |
| māðm, mādm, māð(ð)um | n.masc | gift, jewel, treasure | ASD | |
| māðum-hūs | n.neut | treasury, lit. treasure-house | ASD | |
| mis(s)-, misse-, mist- | pfx | mis- | ASD/W7 | |
| missan | vb | to miss | W7 | |
| Middle English: | amis, amys | adv | amiss | AHD/MEV |
| madd, medd | adj | mad | W7 | |
| mis-, mes- | pfx | mis- | W7 | |
| missen | vb | to miss | W7 | |
| mistaken | vb | to mistake | W7 | |
| English: | amiss | adj/adv | wrong(ly), improper(ly); astray | W7 |
| commute | vb | to exchange, give in exchange | AHD/W7 | |
| mad | adj | insane, mentally disordered | AHD/W7 | |
| madden | vb | to make/drive mad | LRC | |
| mathom | n | hobbit gift in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Mathom-house | prop.n | weapon museum in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| mis- | pfx | bad, wrong; badly, wrongly | AHD/W7 | |
| mishap | n.arch | misfortune, bad luck | AHD/W7 | |
| miss | vb | to fail to reach/touch/contact | AHD/W7 | |
| mistake, mistook, mistaken | vb.str | to choose wrongly | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | mis- | pfx | mis- | ASD |
| missa | vb | to miss, be without | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | mēðmōs | n.pl | gifts, precious things | ASD |
| mis- | pfx | mis- | ASD | |
| Old High German: | gimeit | adj | mad, crazy, foolish | W7 |
| missa-, missi- | pfx | mis- | ASD | |
| missan | vb | to miss | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | misse- | pfx | mis- | ASD |
| German: | mis(s)- | pfx | mis- | ASD |
| missen | vb | to miss | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | mis- | pfx | mis- | W7 |
| missa, missat | vb | to miss, lose, be without | LRC | |
| mistaka | vb | to mistake | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | meiðmar | n.pl | gifts | ASD |
| mis- | pfx | mis- | ASD | |
| missa | vb | to miss, lack, lose | ASD | |
| Danish: | mis- | pfx | mis- | ASD |
| Swedish: | mis- | pfx | mis- | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | inmáidjan | vb.wk.I | to transfigure | LRC |
| maiþm | n | gift, jewel, treasure | LRC | |
| missō | adv | reciprocally, one then another, one to another | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | commūto, commūtāre | vb | to commute | W7 |
| mūto, mūtāre | vb | to change | W7 | |
| Old French: | mis-, mes- | pfx | not, mis- | W7 |
| Middle French: | mes- | pfx | not, mis- | W7 |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | methati | vb | to hurt | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| arch | = | archaic |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
