Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 6. mel-, melə- 'dark color (black, dirty, etc.)'
Semantic Field(s): Dark in Color, Black, Dirty, Soiled
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | molet | n | mullet | W7 |
| English: | maulstick | n | stick used by painters to rest hand while working | AHD/W7 |
| melena | n | digestive tract hemorrhage resulting in black tarry stool/vomit | AHD | |
| mule | n | slipper without quarter/counter | AHD/W7 | |
| mullet | n | valuable food fish | AHD/W7 | |
| psilomelane | n | hydrous black manganese oxide | AHD | |
| surmullet | n | mullet | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | maalstok | n | maulstick | W7 |
| malen | vb | to paint | W7 | |
| German: | malen | vb | to paint | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | mēljan | vb.wk.I | to enroll, register | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | mulleus | n.masc | shoe worn by magistrates | W7 |
| mullus | n.masc | red mullet | W7 | |
| Middle French: | mule | n.fem | little shoe | W7 |
| mulet | n.masc | donkey | W7 | |
| French: | surmulet | n.masc | surmullet | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | μέλαν | adj | black | LRC |
| myllos | n.masc | red mullet | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | malina | adj | dirty, black | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
