Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mēlo-, smēlo- 'small animal'
Semantic Field(s): Animal
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | mīl | n | animal | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | smæl | adj | small, narrow | LRC |
| Middle English: | smal | adj | small | W7 |
| English: | small | adj | of relatively little size | AHD/W7 |
| Smallburrow | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | smel | adj | small | GED |
| Dutch: | maal | n | young cow | GED |
| Old Saxon: | smal | adj | small, narrow | ASD |
| Old High German: | smal | adj | small | GED |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | smali | n.masc.pl | small domestic animals, esp. sheep | GED |
| Icelandic: | small | n | sheep, small cattle | ASD |
| smár | adj | small, narrow | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *smals | adj | small | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | mallom | n.neut | evil | GED |
| Latin: | malus | adj | bad, evil | GED |
| Old French: | māla | n | cow | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | malъ | adj | small, young | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | μῆλον | n.pl | small animals, sheep | GED |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | mal | n | sheep, ram | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
