Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: mēlo-, smēlo-   'small animal'

Semantic Field(s): Animal

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
Celtic  
Old Irish: mīl n animal GED
English  
Old English: smæl adj small, narrow LRC
Middle English: smal adj small W7
English: small adj of relatively little size AHD/W7
Smallburrow prop.n hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
West Germanic  
Old Frisian: smel adj small GED
Dutch: maal n young cow GED
Old Saxon: smal adj small, narrow ASD
Old High German: smal adj small GED
North Germanic  
Old Icelandic: smali n.masc.pl small domestic animals, esp. sheep GED
Icelandic: small n sheep, small cattle ASD
smár adj small, narrow ASD
East Germanic  
Gothic: *smals adj small GED
Italic  
Oscan: mallom n.neut evil GED
Latin: malus adj bad, evil GED
Old French: māla n cow GED
Slavic  
Old Church Slavonic: malъ adj small, young GED
Hellenic  
Greek: μῆλον n.pl small animals, sheep GED
Armenian  
Armenian: mal n sheep, ram GED

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
pl=plural (number)
prop=proper

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED=Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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