Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mendh- 'to direct attention to; vivacious'
Semantic Field(s): to Show
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | monstre | n | monster | W7 |
| mustren | vb | to show, muster | W7 | |
| English: | chrestomathy | n | passages selected to aid language learning | AHD/W7 |
| demonstrate | vb | to show clearly | AHD/W7 | |
| mathematical | adj | re: mathematics (science of numbers) | AHD/W7 | |
| mathematics | n | science of numbers | AHD/W7 | |
| monster | n | prodigy | AHD/W7 | |
| muster | vb | to enlist | AHD/W7 | |
| polymath | n | someone with encyclopedic learning | AHD/W7 | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | mundon | vb.wk | to observe, pay attention to | GED/W7 |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | dēmonstrō, dēmonstrāre, dēmonstrāvī, dēmonstrātus | vb | to show, point at | W7 |
| mathematicus | adj | mathematical | W7 | |
| monstro, monstrāre | vb | to show | W7 | |
| monstrum | n.neut | monster, evil omen | W7 | |
| New Latin: | chrestomathia | n.fem | learning | W7 |
| Old French: | monstrer | vb | to show | W7 |
| Middle French: | monstre | n.masc | monster | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | μάθημα, μάθηματος | n.neut | lesson; science, knowledge, mathematics | LS |
| μᾰθημᾰτικος | adj | mathematical; disposed to learn | LS | |
| μᾰθητής | n.masc | pupil, student, disciple | LS | |
| μανθάνω | vb | to learn, know, understand | LS | |
| polymathēs | adj | very learned | W7 | |
| chrēstomatheia | n.fem | learning | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | medhā | n | intelligence | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
