Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: men(ə)k- 'to knead'
Semantic Field(s): to Knead
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | amongst | prep | among | W7 |
| gemong | n.neut | crowd | ASD/W7 | |
| men(c)gan, mængan | vb.wk | to mix, mingle | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | amang, emang | adv | meanwhile, at times | MEV |
| among(es) | prep | among | W7 | |
| mengen | vb | to mix | W7 | |
| menglen | vb | to mingle | W7 | |
| mong | n | mixture | W7 | |
| ymong | n | mongrel, mixture | W7 | |
| English: | among | prep | surrounded by, in/through midst of | AHD/W7 |
| mingle | vb | to intermix, bring together/combine with something else | AHD/W7 | |
| mongrel | n | result of mixing diverse breeds/strains | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | mengia | vb | to mix, mingle | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | mengian | vb | to mix, mingle | ASD |
| Middle High German: | mengen | vb | to mix, mingle | W7 |
| German: | Menge | n.fem | crowd, multitude, unspecified number/amount | LRC |
| mengen | vb | to mix, mingle | ASD | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | massw | vb | to knead | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
