Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mēnōt, genitive mēneses, from which mēnes-, mēns-, mēs-, mēn- 'month; moon'
Semantic Field(s): Month, Moon
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | blōt-mōnaþ | n.masc | November, lit. blood-month (of sacrifice) | ASD |
ēaster-mōnaþ | n.masc | April, lit. Easter-month | ASD | |
hālig-mōnaþ | n.masc | September, lit. holy-month (of sacrifice) | ASD | |
mōna | n.masc | moon | ASD/W7 | |
mōn(a)ð | n.masc | month | ASD | |
Sol-mōnaþ | prop.n.masc | February, lit. mire-month | ASD | |
Middle English: | mone | n | moon | W7 |
month | n | month | W7 | |
English: | amenorrhea | n | abnormal absence/suppression of menstrual discharge | AHD/W7 |
bimestrial | adj | bimonthly, recurring/continuing in/for 2 months | AHD/W7 | |
Blotmath, Blodmath, Blommath | prop.n | Shire calendar's November in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
catamenia | n | menses | AHD/W7 | |
dysmenorrhea | n | painful/difficult/laborious menstruation | AHD/CDC | |
emmenagogue | n | agent promoting menstrual discharge | AHD/W7 | |
Halimath | prop.n | Shire calendar's September in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Harvestmath | prop.n | Bree calendar's September in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
menarche | n | first menstrual period | AHD | |
meniscus | n | crescent, crescent-shaped body | AHD/W7 | |
menopause | n | natural cessation of menstruation | AHD/W7 | |
menses | n | menstrual flow | AHD/W7 | |
menstrual | adj | re: menstruation | AHD | |
menstruate | vb.intrans | to discharge blood/tissue/secretion debris from uterus | AHD/W7 | |
menstruation | n | (monthly) discharge of uterine blood/tissue/secretions | W7 | |
mensural | adj | re: polyphonic music where notes have precise time value | AHD/W7 | |
month | n | measure of time originally defined by period of moon's revolution | AHD/W7 | |
moon | n | earth's only natural satellite | AHD/W7 | |
moonshine | n | moonlight | W7 | |
semester | n | six months | AHD/W7 | |
So(l)math | prop.n | Shire calendar's February in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
trimester | n | (about) three months | AHD/W7 | |
Wedmath | prop.n | Shire calendar's August in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Yulemath | prop.n | Bree calendar's December in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | mōna | n.masc | moon | ASD |
mōnath | n | month | ASD | |
Dutch: | maan | n.fem | moon | ASD |
Old Saxon: | māno | n.masc | moon | ASD |
Old Low German: | mānuth | n | month | ASD |
Old High German: | māno | n.masc | moon | ASD/W7 |
mānōd | n | month | W7 | |
Middle High German: | mān(d)e, mānt | n.masc/fem | moon | ASD |
German: | Monat | n.masc | month | ASD |
Mond | n.masc | moon | ASD | |
Semester | n.neut | six months | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | máni | n.masc | moon | LRC |
Icelandic: | máni | n.masc | moon | ASD |
mánuðr | n | month | ASD | |
Danish: | maane | n | moon | LRC |
maaned | n | month | ASD | |
Swedish: | monad | n | month | ASD |
måne | n | moon | LRC | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | mēna | n.masc | moon | ASD |
mēnoþs | n | month | ASD | |
Crimean Gothic: | mine | n | moon | CGo |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | bimestris | adj | bimestrial | W7 |
mensis | n.masc | month | W7 | |
menstrua | n.neut.pl | mentruations | W7 | |
menstruus | adj | monthly | W7 | |
mensura | n.fem | measure | W7 | |
semestris | adj | half-yearly | W7 | |
trimestris | adj | of three months | W7 | |
Late Latin: | menstruor, menstruāri, mestruātus | vb.dep | to menstruate | W7 |
mensuralis | adj | re: measures | W7 | |
New Latin: | amenorrhea | n.fem | absence of menstruation | W7 |
catamenia | n.fem | catamenia | W7 | |
meniscus | n.masc | meniscus | W7 | |
French: | ménopause | n.fem | menopause | W7 |
trimestre | n.masc | trimester | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Latvian: | mēnesis | n.masc | month | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | měsęcь | n.masc | moon, month | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | emmēnos | adj | monthly | W7 |
katamēnia | n.fem | catamenia | W7 | |
katamēnios | adj | monthly | W7 | |
μήν | n.masc | month | LRC | |
μηνάς | n.fem | moon | LS | |
μήνη | n.fem | moon | LS | |
μηνίσκος | n.masc | meniscus | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
dep | = | deponent |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |