Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mēnōt, genitive mēneses, from which mēnes-, mēns-, mēs-, mēn- 'month; moon'
Semantic Field(s): Month, Moon
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | blōt-mōnaþ | n.masc | November, lit. blood-month (of sacrifice) | ASD |
| ēaster-mōnaþ | n.masc | April, lit. Easter-month | ASD | |
| hālig-mōnaþ | n.masc | September, lit. holy-month (of sacrifice) | ASD | |
| mōna | n.masc | moon | ASD/W7 | |
| mōn(a)ð | n.masc | month | ASD | |
| Sol-mōnaþ | prop.n.masc | February, lit. mire-month | ASD | |
| Middle English: | mone | n | moon | W7 |
| month | n | month | W7 | |
| English: | amenorrhea | n | abnormal absence/suppression of menstrual discharge | AHD/W7 |
| bimestrial | adj | bimonthly, recurring/continuing in/for 2 months | AHD/W7 | |
| Blotmath, Blodmath, Blommath | prop.n | Shire calendar's November in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| catamenia | n | menses | AHD/W7 | |
| dysmenorrhea | n | painful/difficult/laborious menstruation | AHD/CDC | |
| emmenagogue | n | agent promoting menstrual discharge | AHD/W7 | |
| Halimath | prop.n | Shire calendar's September in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Harvestmath | prop.n | Bree calendar's September in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| menarche | n | first menstrual period | AHD | |
| meniscus | n | crescent, crescent-shaped body | AHD/W7 | |
| menopause | n | natural cessation of menstruation | AHD/W7 | |
| menses | n | menstrual flow | AHD/W7 | |
| menstrual | adj | re: menstruation | AHD | |
| menstruate | vb.intrans | to discharge blood/tissue/secretion debris from uterus | AHD/W7 | |
| menstruation | n | (monthly) discharge of uterine blood/tissue/secretions | W7 | |
| mensural | adj | re: polyphonic music where notes have precise time value | AHD/W7 | |
| month | n | measure of time originally defined by period of moon's revolution | AHD/W7 | |
| moon | n | earth's only natural satellite | AHD/W7 | |
| moonshine | n | moonlight | W7 | |
| semester | n | six months | AHD/W7 | |
| So(l)math | prop.n | Shire calendar's February in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| trimester | n | (about) three months | AHD/W7 | |
| Wedmath | prop.n | Shire calendar's August in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Yulemath | prop.n | Bree calendar's December in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | mōna | n.masc | moon | ASD |
| mōnath | n | month | ASD | |
| Dutch: | maan | n.fem | moon | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | māno | n.masc | moon | ASD |
| Old Low German: | mānuth | n | month | ASD |
| Old High German: | māno | n.masc | moon | ASD/W7 |
| mānōd | n | month | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | mān(d)e, mānt | n.masc/fem | moon | ASD |
| German: | Monat | n.masc | month | ASD |
| Mond | n.masc | moon | ASD | |
| Semester | n.neut | six months | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | máni | n.masc | moon | LRC |
| Icelandic: | máni | n.masc | moon | ASD |
| mánuðr | n | month | ASD | |
| Danish: | maane | n | moon | LRC |
| maaned | n | month | ASD | |
| Swedish: | monad | n | month | ASD |
| måne | n | moon | LRC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | mēna | n.masc | moon | ASD |
| mēnoþs | n | month | ASD | |
| Crimean Gothic: | mine | n | moon | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | bimestris | adj | bimestrial | W7 |
| mensis | n.masc | month | W7 | |
| menstrua | n.neut.pl | mentruations | W7 | |
| menstruus | adj | monthly | W7 | |
| mensura | n.fem | measure | W7 | |
| semestris | adj | half-yearly | W7 | |
| trimestris | adj | of three months | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | menstruor, menstruāri, mestruātus | vb.dep | to menstruate | W7 |
| mensuralis | adj | re: measures | W7 | |
| New Latin: | amenorrhea | n.fem | absence of menstruation | W7 |
| catamenia | n.fem | catamenia | W7 | |
| meniscus | n.masc | meniscus | W7 | |
| French: | ménopause | n.fem | menopause | W7 |
| trimestre | n.masc | trimester | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | mēnesis | n.masc | month | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | měsęcь | n.masc | moon, month | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | emmēnos | adj | monthly | W7 |
| katamēnia | n.fem | catamenia | W7 | |
| katamēnios | adj | monthly | W7 | |
| μήν | n.masc | month | LRC | |
| μηνάς | n.fem | moon | LS | |
| μήνη | n.fem | moon | LS | |
| μηνίσκος | n.masc | meniscus | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |