Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. menth- 'to chew, eat'
Semantic Field(s): to Eat
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | mūð | n.masc | mouth | LRC |
| mūða | n.masc | mouth of a river, estuary | LRC | |
| Middle English: | blancmanger | n | blancmange | W7 |
| mange(ou)r | n | manger | W7 | |
| manjewe | n | mange | W7 | |
| mouth | n | mouth | W7 | |
| English: | blancmange | n | dessert made from milk and starchy/gelatinous substances | AHD/W7 |
| mandible | n | jaw | AHD/W7 | |
| mange | n | persistent contagious skin disease | AHD/W7 | |
| manger | n | trough/box holding livestock feed/fodder | AHD/W7 | |
| masseter | n | large muscle that closes lower jaw | AHD/W7 | |
| masticate | vb | to chew, grind/crush (food) with teeth | AHD/W7 | |
| mental | adj | genial, re: chin | AHD/W7 | |
| mostaccioli | n | short pasta tubes with slanted ends | AHD | |
| m(o)ustache | n | hair grown/groomed on upper lip | AHD | |
| mouth | n | opening for food passing into animal's body | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | muth, mund | n | mouth | ASD |
| Dutch: | mond | n | mouth | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | mūð | n | mouth | ASD |
| Old High German: | mund | n | mouth | W7 |
| German: | Mund | n.masc | mouth | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | munni | n | mouth (of cave, etc.) | ASD |
| munnr, múðr | n | mouth | ASD | |
| Danish: | mund | n | mouth | TLL |
| Swedish: | mun | n | mouth | TLL |
| mustasch | n | moustache | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | munþs | n | mouth | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | mando, mandere | vb | to chew | W7 |
| manduco, manducare | vb | to chew, devour | W7 | |
| manducus | n.masc | glutton | W7 | |
| mentum | n.neut | chin | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | mandibula | n.fem | mandible | W7 |
| mastico, masticāre, masticāvī, masticātus | vb | to masticate | W7 | |
| Middle French: | maingeure | n.fem | manger | W7 |
| mandibule | n.fem | mandible (of insect) | W7 | |
| mangene | n.fem | mange, itching | W7 | |
| mangier | vb | to eat | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Doric: | μυστάξ | n | upper lip | AHD |
| Greek: | masaomai | vb | to chew | W7 |
| masētēr | adj | one who chews | W7 | |
| mastax | n.fem | mouth, jaws | W7 | |
| mastichaw | vb | to masticate, make noise with teeth | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
