Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mereg̑- 'march, edge, border, frontier'
Semantic Field(s): Edge
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | marc | n | marc | W7 |
marc | n.neut | mark: half a pound | ASD | |
mearc | n.fem | march: border, boundary | ASD | |
mearcian | vb | to mark | W7 | |
*riddena-mearc | n.fem | land of knights, lit. riders' march | LRC | |
Middle English: | marche | n | march | W7 |
margin | n | margin | W7 | |
mark | n | mark | W7 | |
marken | vb | to mark | W7 | |
English: | demarcation | n | act of marking limits/boundaries | AHD/CDC |
Denmark | prop.n | Scandinavian country, lit. Dane-march | LRC | |
emarginate | adj | having notched margin | AHD/W7 | |
Fenmarch | prop.n | east Rohan border in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
marc | n | residue from fruit pressing | AHD/W7 | |
march | n | mark, frontier, border region | AHD/W7 | |
march | vb | to walk steadily with regular stride | AHD/W7 | |
marchese | n | marquess | AHD/W7 | |
marchioness | n | wife/widow of marquess | AHD/W7 | |
margin | n | part of page outside main body of printed/written matter | AHD/W7 | |
Mark | prop.n | land a.k.a. Rohan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
mark | n | border/boundary land | AHD/W7 | |
mark | n | old European weight/currency unit | AHD/W7 | |
mark | vb | to fix/trace limits/boundary (e.g. of land) | AHD/W7 | |
marka | n | Germanic mark: currency unit | AHD | |
markka | n | Swedish mark: currency unit | AHD | |
marquee | n | large field tent for party/reception/exhibition | AHD/W7 | |
marquess | n | nobleman ranked between duke and earl/count | AHD/W7 | |
marquetry | n | (insertion of) wood/shell/ivory in veneer applied to furniture | AHD/W7 | |
marquis | n | marquess | AHD/W7 | |
marquise | n | wife/widow of marquis | AHD/W7 | |
ostmark | n | E German monetary unit | AHD | |
reichsmark | n | German mark (1925-48) | W7 | |
remark | vb | to mark distinctively | AHD/W7 | |
Riddermark | prop.n | land a.k.a. Rohan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Westmarch | prop.n | Shire district in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | mark, merk | n.fem | mark: half a pound | ASD |
merke | n | mark/march, district | ASD | |
merkia | vb | to mark | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | marka | n | mark/march, district | ASD |
markōn | vb | to mark | ASD | |
Old Low German: | marka | n | mark/march, district | ASD |
Old High German: | marc(h)a, marka | n | mark/march, boundary | ASD/IEW |
marc(h)ōn, markjan, markēn | vb | to mark | ASD/W7 | |
Middle High German: | marke | n | marka | AHD |
German: | marschieren | vb | to march | LRC |
Reichsmark | n.fem | reichsmark | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | mǫrk | n.fem | mark/march, forested border | IEW |
mǫrk | n.fem | mark (of silver) | LRC | |
Icelandic: | marka, merkja | vb | to mark | ASD |
mörk | n | mark/march, district, forested border | ASD | |
mörk | n.fem | mark: half a pound | ASD | |
Danish: | mark | n | mark: land, field | TLL |
Swedish: | mark | n | markka | AHD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | marka, markōs | n.fem | mark/march, borders (of a country) | ASD/IEW |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | emargino, emarginare, emarginavi, emarginatus | vb | to deprive of a margin | W7 |
margo, marginis | n.fem | border | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | marca | n.fem | mark/march, border region | W7 |
marcensis | adj | re: border region(s) | W7 | |
marchio, marchionis | n.masc | marquess | W7 | |
marchionissa | n.fem | marchioness | W7 | |
Old French: | marche | n | march | W7 |
marchier | vb | to march, trample | W7 | |
Middle French: | marc | n.masc | medieval coin | W7 |
marchier | vb | to march, trample | W7 | |
marque | n.fem | mark, sign, brand | W7 | |
marquer | vb | to mark | W7 | |
marqueter | vb | to checker, inlay | W7 | |
marqueterie | n.fem | marquetry, inlay | W7 | |
remarquer | vb | to remark | W7 | |
French: | marc | n.masc | marc; mark: unit of weight | W7 |
marquis | n.masc | marquess | W7 | |
marquise | n.fem | marchioness; canopy, glass porch | W7 | |
remarquer | vb | to remark | W7 | |
Old Italian: | marcare | vb | to remark | W7 |
Italian: | marchese | n.masc | marquess | CID/W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |