Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mə-r, genitive mə-n-és, mn̥tós 'hand'
Semantic Field(s): Hand
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | muntar | n | family | LRC |
English | ||||
Old English: | mund | n.fem | hand; shelter, protection | LRC |
mund-beorh | n.masc | sheltering-hill | ASD | |
mundian | vb.wk | to guard, protect | ASD | |
Middle English: | comanden | vb | to command | W7 |
commenden | vb | to commend | W7 | |
countermaunden | vb | to countermand | W7 | |
demaunden | vb | to demand | W7 | |
manere | n | manner | W7 | |
manicle | n | manacle | W7 | |
manuel | adj | manual | W7 | |
manumitten | vb | to manumit | W7 | |
recommenden | vb | to praise | W7 | |
remaunden | vb | to remand | W7 | |
English: | amanuensis | n | secretary, one employed to copy manuscript/write from dictation | AHD/W7 |
command | n | act of commanding, unit commanded | W7 | |
command | vb | to order, direct authoritatively | AHD/W7 | |
commando | n | military unit/command; raiding expedition | AHD/W7 | |
commend | vb | to entrust for care/preservation | AHD/W7 | |
countermand | vb.trans | to revoke (earlier command) by contrary order | AHD/W7 | |
demand | n | (act of) demanding, asking with authority | W7 | |
demand | vb | to ask (for), claim as due | AHD/W7 | |
emancipate | vb.trans | to release from one's care/responsibility granting legal rights | AHD/W7 | |
Éomund | prop.n | chief marshal in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
manacle | n | handcuff, shackle for hand/wrist | AHD/W7 | |
manage | n | action/paces of trained riding horse | AHD/W7 | |
manage | vb | to control, handle | AHD/W7 | |
mandamus | n | writ issued by superior court commanding performance of specified official act/duty | AHD/W7 | |
mandate | n | authoritative command | AHD/W7 | |
manege | n | school for training horses/teaching horsemanship | AHD/W7 | |
manicotti | n | pasta tubes stuffed with meat/cheese | AHD | |
manicure | n | manicurist | AHD/W7 | |
manicurist | n | one who treats hands/nails | W7 | |
maniple | n | long narrow band worn over left arm by ministers at mass | AHD/W7 | |
manipulation | n | treating/operating by hand | AHD/W7 | |
manner | n | sort, kind | AHD/W7 | |
manque | adj | short of/frustrated in fulfillment of talents/aspirations | AHD/W7 | |
manual | adj | re: hands | AHD/W7 | |
manubrium | n | anatomical part/process shaped like handle | AHD/W7 | |
manumit | vb.trans | to release from slavery | AHD/W7 | |
manus | n | distal segment of vertebrate forelimb including carpus and hand/forefoot | AHD/W7 | |
manuscript | adj/n | (re:) handwritten document | AHD/W7 | |
Mundberg, Mundburg | prop.n | a.k.a. Minas Tirith in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
quadrumanous | adj | four-handed, having four feet with with opposable first digits | AHD/CDC | |
recommend | vb.trans | to present as worth trial/acceptance | AHD/W7 | |
remand | vb.trans | to order back | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | mund | n | guardian(ship) | ASD |
Dutch: | commando | n | command | AHD/W7 |
Afrikaans: | kommando | n | commando | AHD/W7 |
Old Saxon: | mund | n | hand | ASD |
mundōn | vb | to guard, protect | ASD | |
Old High German: | mund | n | hand, protection | LRC |
muntōn | vb | to guard, protect, defend | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | mund | n | hand | LRC |
mundr | n | bride-price | LRC | |
Icelandic: | mund | n.fem | hand | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | amanuensis | n.masc | slave with secretarial duties | W7 |
commendō, commendāre | vb | to commend, commit to one's charge | W7 | |
emancipo, emancipare, emancipavi, emancipatus | vb | to abandon property of, release from paternal authority | W7 | |
manceps, mancipis | n.masc | purchaser | W7 | |
mancipo, mancipāre | vb | to transfer ownership of | W7 | |
mandatum | n.neut | mission, charge | W7 | |
mando, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātum | vb | to commit, entrust, command | LRC | |
manicae, manicarum | n.fem | long sleeves | LRC | |
manicula | n.fem | little hand, plough handle | W7 | |
manipulus | n.masc | handful | W7 | |
manualis | adj | of the hand | W7 | |
manuarius | adj | of the hand | W7 | |
manubrium | n.neut | handle | W7 | |
manumitto, manumittere | vb | to free a slave | W7 | |
manus, manūs | n.fem | hand | LRC | |
Vulgar Latin: | commando, commandare | vb | to command | W7 |
manuaria | adj.fem | of the hand | W7 | |
Late Latin: | remando, remandāre | vb | to send back word | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | demandō, demandāre | vb | to ask via messenger | W7 |
manipulus | n.masc | handful | W7 | |
recommendo, recommendare | vb | to recommend | W7 | |
New Latin: | manubrium | n.neut | anatomical part/process shaped like handle | W7 |
manus | n.masc | distal segment of vertebrate forelimb | W7 | |
Portuguese: | mandarim | n.masc | public official in Chinese Empire | W7 |
Spanish: | comandar | vb | to command | AHD/W7 |
comando | n | command | AHD/W7 | |
mandarin | n.masc | mandarin (small orange) | W7 | |
mandarina | n.fem | fruit of mandarin tree | W7 | |
Old French: | comander | vb | to command | W7 |
maniere | n.fem | manner, way of acting | W7 | |
Middle French: | contremander | vb | to countermand | W7 |
demander | vb | to demand | W7 | |
mandat | n.masc | mission | W7 | |
mander | vb | to command | W7 | |
manicle | n.fem | manacle | W7 | |
manuel | n | handbook | W7 | |
manumitter | vb | to free a slave | W7 | |
remander | vb | to send back word | W7 | |
French: | commander | vb | to command | AHD/W7 |
mandarine | n.fem | mandarin (small orange) | W7 | |
manège | n.masc | manege, roller-coaster | W7 | |
manipulation | n.fem | manipulation | W7 | |
manipule | n.masc | Roman army standard, fabric band worn by priest | R1/W7 | |
manque | n.masc | lack, need of | W7 | |
manquer | vb | to lack | W7 | |
Italian: | maneggiare | vb | to manage | W7 |
maneggio | n.masc | training/management of horse | W7 | |
mano | n.fem | hand, skill, ability | W7 | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | marr | vb | to take, receive | IEW |
Gheg: | mârr | vb | to take, receive | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | μάρη | n.fem | hand | LRC |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | maniyahh- | n | to allot, apportion, administer | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
R1 | = | Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |