Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mori, mōri 'mere, sea'
Semantic Field(s): Sea
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | mere, mære | n.masc | mere | ASD |
mere-hūs | n.neut | lit. sea-house | LRC | |
mere-men(n), mere-men(n)en | n.fem | siren | ASD | |
mere-næddra | n.masc | lamprey, lit. sea-adder | ASD | |
mere-swīn | n.neut | dolphin, porpoise, lit. sea-pig | ASD | |
mere-wērig | adj | weary of seafaring, lit. sea-weary | ASD | |
mere-wīf | n.neut | water-witch, woman living in lake | ASD | |
mer(i)sc | n.masc | marsh | W7 | |
Middle English: | cormeraunt | n | cormorant | W7 |
marine | adj | marine | W7 | |
mere | n | mere | W7 | |
mersh | n | marsh | W7 | |
English: | beche-de-mer | n | trepang, lit. sea grub | AHD/W7 |
cormorant | n | dark-colored web-footed seabird | AHD/W7 | |
maar | n | circular flat-bottomed volcanic crater | AHD | |
mare | n | extensive dark area on surface of moon/Mars | AHD/W7 | |
mariculture | n | cultivation of marine organisms | AHD | |
marinara | n | tomato sauce with onion/garlic/spices | AHD | |
marine | adj | re: sea | AHD/W7 | |
Marish | prop.n | marshy Shire area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
maritime | adj | re: sea commerce/navigation | AHD/W7 | |
marram | n | beach grass | AHD | |
marsh | n | soft wet land usu. having monocotyledons (grasses/cattails) | AHD/W7 | |
meerkat | n | small mongoose-like S African mammal | AHD | |
meerschaum | n | hydrous magnesium silicate: light, fine white clay/mineral | AHD/W7 | |
mere | n | sea, lake, pool, sheet of standing water | AHD/W7 | |
mermaid | n | fabled marine creature: fish-tailed woman | W7 | |
merman, mermen | n | fabled marine creature: fish-tailed man | W7 | |
Mirrormere | prop.n | glassy lake in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
morass | n | marsh, swamp | AHD/W7 | |
Shadowmere | prop.n | reflecting lake in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
ultramarine | adj | lit. beyond the sea | AHD/W7 | |
ultramarine | n | blue pigment: powdered lapis lazuli | AHD/W7 | |
British English: | ormer | n | sea-ear, ear-shell, Channel Islands abalone | AHD |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | mersch | n | marsh | W7 |
Dutch: | meer | n | mere | TLL |
mierikswortel | n | horseradish | TLL | |
moeras | n | morass | W7 | |
Old Saxon: | meri | n.fem | mere | ASD |
Old High German: | meri, mari | n.masc/neut | mere | ASD/W7 |
meri-ratih | n | horseradish | KDW | |
German: | Maar | n.neut | maar, volcanic lake | AHD |
Marsch | n.fem | marsh | LRC | |
Meer | n.neut | mere | ASD | |
Meerrettich | n | horseradish | TLL | |
Morast | n.masc | morass | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | marr | n.masc | mere | LRC |
Icelandic: | marr | n.masc | mere | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | marei | n.wk.fem | mere | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | mare, maris | n.neut | mere | LRC |
marinus | adj | re: sea | W7 | |
maritimus | adj | maritime | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | *mara | n | maar, lake, standing water | AHD |
Medieval Latin: | ultramarinus | adj | (coming from) beyond the sea | W7 |
Portuguese: | bicho-do-mar | n | beche-de-mer | AHD |
Old French: | cormareng | n.masc | cormorant | W7 |
marenc | adj | re: sea | W7 | |
maresc | n | marsh | W7 | |
Middle French: | cormorant | n.masc | cormorant | W7 |
French: | bêche-de-mer | n.fem | beche-de-mer | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |