Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mori, mōri 'mere, sea'
Semantic Field(s): Sea
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | mere, mære | n.masc | mere | ASD | 
| mere-hūs | n.neut | lit. sea-house | LRC | |
| mere-men(n), mere-men(n)en | n.fem | siren | ASD | |
| mere-næddra | n.masc | lamprey, lit. sea-adder | ASD | |
| mere-swīn | n.neut | dolphin, porpoise, lit. sea-pig | ASD | |
| mere-wērig | adj | weary of seafaring, lit. sea-weary | ASD | |
| mere-wīf | n.neut | water-witch, woman living in lake | ASD | |
| mer(i)sc | n.masc | marsh | W7 | |
| Middle English: | cormeraunt | n | cormorant | W7 | 
| marine | adj | marine | W7 | |
| mere | n | mere | W7 | |
| mersh | n | marsh | W7 | |
| English: | beche-de-mer | n | trepang, lit. sea grub | AHD/W7 | 
| cormorant | n | dark-colored web-footed seabird | AHD/W7 | |
| maar | n | circular flat-bottomed volcanic crater | AHD | |
| mare | n | extensive dark area on surface of moon/Mars | AHD/W7 | |
| mariculture | n | cultivation of marine organisms | AHD | |
| marinara | n | tomato sauce with onion/garlic/spices | AHD | |
| marine | adj | re: sea | AHD/W7 | |
| Marish | prop.n | marshy Shire area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| maritime | adj | re: sea commerce/navigation | AHD/W7 | |
| marram | n | beach grass | AHD | |
| marsh | n | soft wet land usu. having monocotyledons (grasses/cattails) | AHD/W7 | |
| meerkat | n | small mongoose-like S African mammal | AHD | |
| meerschaum | n | hydrous magnesium silicate: light, fine white clay/mineral | AHD/W7 | |
| mere | n | sea, lake, pool, sheet of standing water | AHD/W7 | |
| mermaid | n | fabled marine creature: fish-tailed woman | W7 | |
| merman, mermen | n | fabled marine creature: fish-tailed man | W7 | |
| Mirrormere | prop.n | glassy lake in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| morass | n | marsh, swamp | AHD/W7 | |
| Shadowmere | prop.n | reflecting lake in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| ultramarine | adj | lit. beyond the sea | AHD/W7 | |
| ultramarine | n | blue pigment: powdered lapis lazuli | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | ormer | n | sea-ear, ear-shell, Channel Islands abalone | AHD | 
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | mersch | n | marsh | W7 | 
| Dutch: | meer | n | mere | TLL | 
| mierikswortel | n | horseradish | TLL | |
| moeras | n | morass | W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | meri | n.fem | mere | ASD | 
| Old High German: | meri, mari | n.masc/neut | mere | ASD/W7 | 
| meri-ratih | n | horseradish | KDW | |
| German: | Maar | n.neut | maar, volcanic lake | AHD | 
| Marsch | n.fem | marsh | LRC | |
| Meer | n.neut | mere | ASD | |
| Meerrettich | n | horseradish | TLL | |
| Morast | n.masc | morass | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | marr | n.masc | mere | LRC | 
| Icelandic: | marr | n.masc | mere | ASD | 
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | marei | n.wk.fem | mere | LRC | 
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | mare, maris | n.neut | mere | LRC | 
| marinus | adj | re: sea | W7 | |
| maritimus | adj | maritime | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | *mara | n | maar, lake, standing water | AHD | 
| Medieval Latin: | ultramarinus | adj | (coming from) beyond the sea | W7 | 
| Portuguese: | bicho-do-mar | n | beche-de-mer | AHD | 
| Old French: | cormareng | n.masc | cormorant | W7 | 
| marenc | adj | re: sea | W7 | |
| maresc | n | marsh | W7 | |
| Middle French: | cormorant | n.masc | cormorant | W7 | 
| French: | bêche-de-mer | n.fem | beche-de-mer | W7 | 
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective | 
| fem | = | feminine (gender) | 
| masc | = | masculine (gender) | 
| n | = | noun | 
| neut | = | neuter (gender) | 
| prop | = | proper | 
| wk | = | weak (inflection) | 
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) | 
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) | 
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) | 
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin | 
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) | 
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) | 
