Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mūs 'mouse; muscle'
Semantic Field(s): Mouse
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | mūs | n.fem | mouse | W7 |
| mus(cel)le, muscle, muxle | n.fem | mussel | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | mouse | n | mouse | W7 |
| muscle | n | mussel | W7 | |
| muskadelle | n | muscatel | W7 | |
| muske | n | musk | W7 | |
| notemuge | n | nutmeg | W7 | |
| English: | epimysium | n | external connective-tissue muscle sheath | AHD/W7 |
| mouse, mice | n.str | small rodent(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| murine | adj | re: mouse/mice | AHD/W7 | |
| muscat | n | cultivated grape used to make wine/raisins | AHD/W7 | |
| muscatel | n | sweet dessert wine | AHD/W7 | |
| muscle | n | tissue functioning to produce motion | AHD/W7 | |
| musk | n | substance with penetrating persistent odor | AHD/W7 | |
| mussel | n | marine bivalve mollusk | AHD/W7 | |
| must | n | musk | AHD/W7 | |
| musteline | adj | re: fur-bearing mammal in weasel/marten family | AHD | |
| mysticete | adj | with baleen plates instead of teeth in upper jaw | AHD/CDC | |
| nutmeg | n | aromatic seed spice | AHD/W7 | |
| perimysium | n | connective tissue sheathing bundles of muscle fibers | AHD/W7 | |
| syringomyelia | n | chronic progressive spinal-cord disease | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | muis | n | mouse | TLL |
| vleermuis | n | bat | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | fletharmūs | n | bat | KSW |
| Old High German: | fledarmūs | n | bat, moth | KNW |
| mūs | n | mouse; muscle | ASD/W7 | |
| muscula | n.fem | mussel | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | Fledermaus | n | bat | TLL |
| Maus | n.fem | mouse; muscle | ASD | |
| Muschel | n.fem | mussel | LRC | |
| Muskel | n.masc | muscle | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | mús | n | mouse; muscle | ASD |
| Danish: | mus | n | mouse | TLL |
| muskel | n | muscle | TLL | |
| Swedish: | flädermus | n | bat | TLL |
| mus | n | mouse | TLL | |
| muskel | n | muscle | TLL | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | mus | n.masc | mouse, rat | W7 |
| muscada | n.fem | nutmeg | W7 | |
| musculus | n.masc | muscle | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | muscula | n.fem | mussel | W7 |
| Late Latin: | muscus | n.masc | moss, musk | W7 |
| New Latin: | -myelia | sfx | brain tissue | W7 |
| perimysium | n.neut | perimysium | W7 | |
| syringomyelia | n.fem | syringomyelia | W7 | |
| Middle French: | musc | n.masc | musk | W7 |
| muscadel | n.masc | muscatel | W7 | |
| muscle | n.masc | muscle | W7 | |
| French: | muscat | n.masc | variety of grapes with musk scent | R1/W7 |
| Old Provençal: | muscadel, moscadel | adj | resembling musk | W7 |
| muscat | n.masc | type of wine | W7 | |
| Provençal: | musc | n.masc | musk | W7 |
| muscat | n.masc | type of grape | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | moschos | n.masc/fem | musk | W7 |
| mys | n.masc | mouse | W7 | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Persian: | mushk | n | musk, testicle | W7 |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | muṣka | n | musk, testicle | W7 |
| mūṣ | n | mouse | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| KSW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| R1 | = | Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |