Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mūs 'mouse; muscle'
Semantic Field(s): Mouse
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | mūs | n.fem | mouse | W7 |
mus(cel)le, muscle, muxle | n.fem | mussel | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | mouse | n | mouse | W7 |
muscle | n | mussel | W7 | |
muskadelle | n | muscatel | W7 | |
muske | n | musk | W7 | |
notemuge | n | nutmeg | W7 | |
English: | epimysium | n | external connective-tissue muscle sheath | AHD/W7 |
mouse, mice | n.str | small rodent(s) | AHD/W7 | |
murine | adj | re: mouse/mice | AHD/W7 | |
muscat | n | cultivated grape used to make wine/raisins | AHD/W7 | |
muscatel | n | sweet dessert wine | AHD/W7 | |
muscle | n | tissue functioning to produce motion | AHD/W7 | |
musk | n | substance with penetrating persistent odor | AHD/W7 | |
mussel | n | marine bivalve mollusk | AHD/W7 | |
must | n | musk | AHD/W7 | |
musteline | adj | re: fur-bearing mammal in weasel/marten family | AHD | |
mysticete | adj | with baleen plates instead of teeth in upper jaw | AHD/CDC | |
nutmeg | n | aromatic seed spice | AHD/W7 | |
perimysium | n | connective tissue sheathing bundles of muscle fibers | AHD/W7 | |
syringomyelia | n | chronic progressive spinal-cord disease | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | muis | n | mouse | TLL |
vleermuis | n | bat | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | fletharmūs | n | bat | KSW |
Old High German: | fledarmūs | n | bat, moth | KNW |
mūs | n | mouse; muscle | ASD/W7 | |
muscula | n.fem | mussel | ASD/W7 | |
German: | Fledermaus | n | bat | TLL |
Maus | n.fem | mouse; muscle | ASD | |
Muschel | n.fem | mussel | LRC | |
Muskel | n.masc | muscle | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | mús | n | mouse; muscle | ASD |
Danish: | mus | n | mouse | TLL |
muskel | n | muscle | TLL | |
Swedish: | flädermus | n | bat | TLL |
mus | n | mouse | TLL | |
muskel | n | muscle | TLL | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | mus | n.masc | mouse, rat | W7 |
muscada | n.fem | nutmeg | W7 | |
musculus | n.masc | muscle | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | muscula | n.fem | mussel | W7 |
Late Latin: | muscus | n.masc | moss, musk | W7 |
New Latin: | -myelia | sfx | brain tissue | W7 |
perimysium | n.neut | perimysium | W7 | |
syringomyelia | n.fem | syringomyelia | W7 | |
Middle French: | musc | n.masc | musk | W7 |
muscadel | n.masc | muscatel | W7 | |
muscle | n.masc | muscle | W7 | |
French: | muscat | n.masc | variety of grapes with musk scent | R1/W7 |
Old Provençal: | muscadel, moscadel | adj | resembling musk | W7 |
muscat | n.masc | type of wine | W7 | |
Provençal: | musc | n.masc | musk | W7 |
muscat | n.masc | type of grape | W7 | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | moschos | n.masc/fem | musk | W7 |
mys | n.masc | mouse | W7 | |
Iranian | ||||
Persian: | mushk | n | musk, testicle | W7 |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | muṣka | n | musk, testicle | W7 |
mūṣ | n | mouse | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
KSW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
R1 | = | Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |