Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. ne-, nō-, plural nē̆s-, nō̆s- 'we'
Semantic Field(s): Human Being
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Scots Gaelic: | sinn | pron.1.pl | we, us | TLL |
English | ||||
Old English: | unc | pron.1.du.dat/acc | (to) us two | TLL |
uncer | pron.1.du.gen | our two | TLL | |
uncit | pron.1.du.acc | us two | TLL | |
ūre | pron.1.pl.gen | our, ours | ASD/W7 | |
ūs | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | us | W7 | |
Middle English: | oure | pron.1.pl.poss | our | W7 |
paternoster | n | Lord's prayer | W7 | |
us | pron.1.pl.obj | us | W7 | |
English: | Nostratic | prop.n | hypothetical parent of Proto-Indo-European and other reconstructed languages | AHD |
nostrum | n | medicine of secret composition usu. lacking general repute | AHD/W7 | |
our | pron.1.pl.poss.attr | re: us/ourselves esp. as possessors | AHD/W7 | |
ours | pron.1.pl.poss.pred | re: us/ourselves esp. as possessors | AHD/W7 | |
paternoster | n | Lord's prayer | AHD/W7 | |
us | pron.1.pl.obj | re: we/ourselves | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | ūs | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | us | ASD |
ūser | pron.1.pl.gen | our | ASD | |
Dutch: | ons | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | (to) us | TLL |
ons | pron.1.pl.gen.attr | our | TLL | |
onze | pron.1.pl.gen.pred | ours | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | ūs | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | us | ASD |
ūser | pron.1.pl.gen | our | ASD | |
Old High German: | uns | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | us | W7 |
unsēr, unsar | pron.1.pl.gen | our | ASD/W7 | |
unsih | pron.1.pl.acc | us | ASD | |
German: | uns | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | us | LRC |
unser | pron.1.pl.gen | our | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | okkar | pron.1.du.gen | our two | TLL |
okkur | pron.1.du.dat/acc | (to) us two | TLL | |
oss | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | (to) us | ASD | |
Danish: | os | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | (to) us | TLL |
Swedish: | oss | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | (to) us | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | une, unsis | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | us | ASD |
unsara | pron.1.pl.gen | our | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | nos | pron.1.pl.nom/acc | we | W7 |
noster, nostra, nostrum | pron.1.pl.gen | our, ours | LRC | |
Medieval Latin: | paternoster | n.masc | paternoster, Lord's prayer | W7 |
Italian: | noi | pron.1.pl | we, us | TLL |
Slavic | ||||
Russian: | nam | pron.1.pl.dat | (to) us | TLL |
nas | pron.1.pl.acc | us | TLL | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | na | pron.1.pl.nom | we | IEW |
ne | pron.1.pl.gen/dat/acc | our, us | IEW | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | ἡμέτερος | pron.1.pl.gen | our | LRC |
νω | pron.1.du | we two | TLL | |
νωι | pron.1.du | we two | TLL |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
1 | = | 1st person |
acc | = | accusative (case) |
attr | = | attributive |
dat | = | dative (case) |
du | = | dual (number) |
gen | = | genitive (case) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
nom | = | nominative (case) |
obj | = | objective (case) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
poss | = | possessive (case) |
pred | = | predicative |
pron | = | pronoun |
prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |