Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. ne-, nō-, plural nē̆s-, nō̆s- 'we'
Semantic Field(s): Human Being
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Scots Gaelic: | sinn | pron.1.pl | we, us | TLL |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | unc | pron.1.du.dat/acc | (to) us two | TLL |
| uncer | pron.1.du.gen | our two | TLL | |
| uncit | pron.1.du.acc | us two | TLL | |
| ūre | pron.1.pl.gen | our, ours | ASD/W7 | |
| ūs | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | us | W7 | |
| Middle English: | oure | pron.1.pl.poss | our | W7 |
| paternoster | n | Lord's prayer | W7 | |
| us | pron.1.pl.obj | us | W7 | |
| English: | Nostratic | prop.n | hypothetical parent of Proto-Indo-European and other reconstructed languages | AHD |
| nostrum | n | medicine of secret composition usu. lacking general repute | AHD/W7 | |
| our | pron.1.pl.poss.attr | re: us/ourselves esp. as possessors | AHD/W7 | |
| ours | pron.1.pl.poss.pred | re: us/ourselves esp. as possessors | AHD/W7 | |
| paternoster | n | Lord's prayer | AHD/W7 | |
| us | pron.1.pl.obj | re: we/ourselves | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ūs | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | us | ASD |
| ūser | pron.1.pl.gen | our | ASD | |
| Dutch: | ons | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | (to) us | TLL |
| ons | pron.1.pl.gen.attr | our | TLL | |
| onze | pron.1.pl.gen.pred | ours | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | ūs | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | us | ASD |
| ūser | pron.1.pl.gen | our | ASD | |
| Old High German: | uns | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | us | W7 |
| unsēr, unsar | pron.1.pl.gen | our | ASD/W7 | |
| unsih | pron.1.pl.acc | us | ASD | |
| German: | uns | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | us | LRC |
| unser | pron.1.pl.gen | our | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | okkar | pron.1.du.gen | our two | TLL |
| okkur | pron.1.du.dat/acc | (to) us two | TLL | |
| oss | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | (to) us | ASD | |
| Danish: | os | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | (to) us | TLL |
| Swedish: | oss | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | (to) us | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | une, unsis | pron.1.pl.dat/acc | us | ASD |
| unsara | pron.1.pl.gen | our | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | nos | pron.1.pl.nom/acc | we | W7 |
| noster, nostra, nostrum | pron.1.pl.gen | our, ours | LRC | |
| Medieval Latin: | paternoster | n.masc | paternoster, Lord's prayer | W7 |
| Italian: | noi | pron.1.pl | we, us | TLL |
| Slavic | ||||
| Russian: | nam | pron.1.pl.dat | (to) us | TLL |
| nas | pron.1.pl.acc | us | TLL | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | na | pron.1.pl.nom | we | IEW |
| ne | pron.1.pl.gen/dat/acc | our, us | IEW | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἡμέτερος | pron.1.pl.gen | our | LRC |
| νω | pron.1.du | we two | TLL | |
| νωι | pron.1.du | we two | TLL | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| attr | = | attributive |
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| du | = | dual (number) |
| gen | = | genitive (case) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nom | = | nominative (case) |
| obj | = | objective (case) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| poss | = | possessive (case) |
| pred | = | predicative |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |