Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: neu-d- 'to grasp, make use of'
Semantic Field(s): to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of, to Use
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | genēat | n.masc | retainer, companion | LRC |
| nēat | n.neut | neat | LRC | |
| nēotan, nēat, nudon, noden | vb.str.II | to use, employ | LRC | |
| nīotan | vb.str.II | to use, employ | ASD | |
| nyt-wyrðe | adj | useful | LRC | |
| Middle English: | neet | n | neat | W7 |
| English: | Huguenot | prop.n | member of French Reformed communion | AHD/W7 |
| matelot(t)e | n | fish stewed in wine sauce | AHD/W7 | |
| neat | n.sg/pl | common domestic bovine(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | nāt | n | neat | ASD |
| niata | vb | to use | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | mattenoot | n | bed-fellow | AHD |
| Old Saxon: | niotan | vb | to use | ASD |
| Old High German: | ganōz | n | companion, associate | ASD |
| niuzan | vb | to use | ASD | |
| nōz | n | neat | W7 | |
| German: | Genoss(e) | n | companion, associate | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | mötunautr | n | mess-mate | AHD |
| njóta | vb | to benefit, derive benefit from | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | naut | n | neat | ASD |
| nautr | n | companion, associate | ASD | |
| njóta | vb | to use | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | niutan | vb | to use | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Old French: | matenot | n | sailor, bunkmate | W7 |
| Middle French: | Huguenot | prop.n | Huguenot, French Protestant | W7 |
| French: | matelot | n | sailor | W7 |
| matelote | n | matelote | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
