Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: nogu̯-, nogu̯od(h)o-, nogu̯-no- 'nude, naked'
Semantic Field(s): to Clothe, Dress, Clothes, Clothing
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | nocht | adj | naked | LRC |
| Welsh: | noeth | adj | naked | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | nacod, næcad | adj | naked | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | naked | adj | naked | W7 |
| English: | denude | vb.trans | to strip all covering | AHD/W7 |
| gymnasium | n | room/building for sports activities | AHD/W7 | |
| gymnast | n | expert in gymnastics | AHD/W7 | |
| gymnosophist | n | naked ascetic | AHD/W7 | |
| gymnosperm | n | vascular seed plant (e.g. conifer) | AHD/W7 | |
| naan | n | flat round leavened bread of NW India | AHD | |
| naked | adj | nude, not covered by clothing | AHD/W7 | |
| nude | adj | unclad, lacking something essential | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | nakad | adj | naked | ASD |
| Old High German: | nac(c)kot, nachot, nahhut | adj | naked | ASD/W7 |
| German: | nackt | adj | naked | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | nøkkviðr | adj | naked | LRC |
| Icelandic: | nökviðr | adj | naked | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | naqaþs | adj | naked | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | denudo, denudāre | vb | to denude | W7 |
| gymnasium | n.neut | gymnasium | W7 | |
| gymnosophista | n.masc | gymnosophist | W7 | |
| nūdus, nūda, nūdum | adj | nude, bare, naked | LRC | |
| Middle French: | gymnaste | n.masc | gymnast | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | núogas | adj | naked | LRC |
| Latvian: | nuôgs | adj | naked | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | nagъ | adj | naked | LRC |
| Russian: | nagóta | adj | naked | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | γυμνός | adj | bare, naked, unarmed | LRC |
| γυμνόω | vb | to denude, disarm | LRC | |
| Greek: | gymnazw | vb | to exercise naked | W7 |
| gymnasion | n.neut | gymnasium | W7 | |
| gymnastēs | n.masc | trainer | W7 | |
| γυμνός | adj | naked, unclad | LRC | |
| gymnosophistēs | n.masc | gymnosophist | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | nekumanza | adj | naked | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | merk | adj | naked | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | *nagna- | adj | bare, naked | AHD |
| Avestan: | maγna | adj | naked | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | nagná- | adj | naked | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |