Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: nogu̯-, nogu̯od(h)o-, nogu̯-no- 'nude, naked'
Semantic Field(s): to Clothe, Dress, Clothes, Clothing
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | nocht | adj | naked | LRC |
Welsh: | noeth | adj | naked | LRC |
English | ||||
Old English: | nacod, næcad | adj | naked | ASD/W7 |
Middle English: | naked | adj | naked | W7 |
English: | denude | vb.trans | to strip all covering | AHD/W7 |
gymnasium | n | room/building for sports activities | AHD/W7 | |
gymnast | n | expert in gymnastics | AHD/W7 | |
gymnosophist | n | naked ascetic | AHD/W7 | |
gymnosperm | n | vascular seed plant (e.g. conifer) | AHD/W7 | |
naan | n | flat round leavened bread of NW India | AHD | |
naked | adj | nude, not covered by clothing | AHD/W7 | |
nude | adj | unclad, lacking something essential | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | nakad | adj | naked | ASD |
Old High German: | nac(c)kot, nachot, nahhut | adj | naked | ASD/W7 |
German: | nackt | adj | naked | ASD |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | nøkkviðr | adj | naked | LRC |
Icelandic: | nökviðr | adj | naked | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | naqaþs | adj | naked | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | denudo, denudāre | vb | to denude | W7 |
gymnasium | n.neut | gymnasium | W7 | |
gymnosophista | n.masc | gymnosophist | W7 | |
nūdus, nūda, nūdum | adj | nude, bare, naked | LRC | |
Middle French: | gymnaste | n.masc | gymnast | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | núogas | adj | naked | LRC |
Latvian: | nuôgs | adj | naked | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | nagъ | adj | naked | LRC |
Russian: | nagóta | adj | naked | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | γυμνός | adj | bare, naked, unarmed | LRC |
γυμνόω | vb | to denude, disarm | LRC | |
Greek: | gymnazw | vb | to exercise naked | W7 |
gymnasion | n.neut | gymnasium | W7 | |
gymnastēs | n.masc | trainer | W7 | |
γυμνός | adj | naked, unclad | LRC | |
gymnosophistēs | n.masc | gymnosophist | W7 | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | nekumanza | adj | naked | LRC |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | merk | adj | naked | LRC |
Iranian | ||||
Old Persian: | *nagna- | adj | bare, naked | AHD |
Avestan: | maγna | adj | naked | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | nagná- | adj | naked | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |