Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ok̑tō(u) 'eight, octad'
Semantic Field(s): Number
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | ocht | nbr.card | eight (8) | EIE |
| ochtmad | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE | |
| Irish: | ocht | nbr.card | eight (8) | LRC |
| Scots Gaelic: | ochd | nbr.card | eight (8) | LRC |
| Manx: | hoght | nbr.card | eight (8) | LRC |
| Welsh: | wyth | nbr.card | eight (8) | EIE |
| wythfed | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | e(a)hta, ahta, æhta | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD/W7 |
| eahtatīene | nbr.card | eighteen (18) | W7 | |
| eahtatig | nbr.card | eighty (80) | W7 | |
| eahteða, eahtoða | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE | |
| hundeahtatig | nbr.card | hundred eighty (180) | W7 | |
| Middle English: | eighte | nbr.card | eight (8) | W7 |
| eightetene | nbr.card | eighteen (18) | W7 | |
| eighty | nbr.card | eighty (80) | W7 | |
| octave | n | octave | W7 | |
| Octobre | prop.n | October | W7 | |
| English: | eight | nbr.card | 8 | AHD/W7 |
| eighteen | nbr.card | 18 | AHD/W7 | |
| eightfold | adj | 8 times the number/quantity | AHD | |
| eighty | nbr.card | 80 | AHD/W7 | |
| octad | n | group/sequence of eight | AHD | |
| octahedron | n | solid with 8 plane faces | W7 | |
| Octans | prop.n | southern circumpolar constellation | AHD | |
| octant | n | position/aspect of celestial body distant from another by 45 degrees | AHD/W7 | |
| octastyle | adj/n | (re:) building having 8 columns in front | AHD/CDC | |
| octave | n | eight day period beginning with festival day | AHD/W7 | |
| octavo | n | (size of) piece of paper: 1/8 of full sheet | AHD/W7 | |
| octet | n | (composition for) 8 voices/instruments | AHD | |
| oct(o)- | pfx | eight | AHD/W7 | |
| October | prop.n | 10th month (in Gregorian calendar) | AHD/W7 | |
| octodecimo | n | eighteenmo: 1/18th sheet of paper | AHD/W7 | |
| octogenarian | n | person in his/her eighties | AHD/W7 | |
| octonary | adj/n | (re:) set/group of eight | AHD | |
| octothorpe | n | hash (#) symbol | AHD | |
| octuple | adj/n | (re:) eightfold amount/number | AHD | |
| Oktoberfest | prop.n | autumn festival emphasizing merrymaking and beer-drinking | AHD | |
| trisoctahedron | n | regular solid with 24 congruent faces | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | achta, acht(e) | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD |
| Dutch: | acht | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | ahto | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD |
| Old High German: | ahtō | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD/W7 |
| ahtodo | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE | |
| Middle High German: | aht, eht | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD |
| German: | acht | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD |
| Oktober | n.masc | October | LRC | |
| Oktoberfest | prop.n.neut | Oktoberfest | AHD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | átta | nbr.card | eight (8) | LRC |
| ātti | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE | |
| áttrœðr | adj | eighty years old | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | ātta | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD |
| Danish: | otte | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD |
| Swedish: | åtta | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ahtau | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD |
| Crimean Gothic: | *aþe, athe | nbr.card | eight (8) | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | octans, octantis | adj/vb.ptc | eighth of a circle | W7 |
| octava | n.fem | eighth hour | W7 | |
| octavus, octava, octavum | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | W7 | |
| octō | nbr.card | eight (8) | W7 | |
| October | prop.n.masc | October, eighth month (in Roman calendar) | W7 | |
| octodecim | nbr.card | eighteen (18) | W7 | |
| octodecimus | nbr.ord | eighteenth (18th) | W7 | |
| octogenarius | adj | containing eighty | W7 | |
| octogeni | adv | eighty each | W7 | |
| octoginta | nbr.card | eighty (80) | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | octava | nbr.ord.fem | eighth (8th) | W7 |
| Portuguese: | oito | nbr.card | eight (8) | TLL |
| Spanish: | ocho | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD |
| Old French: | Octobre | n.masc | October | W7 |
| French: | huit | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD |
| Italian: | otto | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | asman | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE |
| Lithuanian: | ãšmas, aštuñtas | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE |
| aštuoni | nbr.card | eight (8) | EIE | |
| Latvian: | astôtais | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE |
| astuôni | nbr.card | eight (8) | EIE | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | osmĭ | nbr.card | eight (8) | EIE |
| osmŭ | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE | |
| Russian: | vósem | nbr.card | eight (8) | EIE |
| vosĭmój | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | tetë | nbr.card | eight (8) | EIE |
| tetë(t) | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ὀγδόατος | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE |
| Greek: | ὄγδοος | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE |
| ὀκτώ | nbr.card | eight (8) | EIE | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | ut' | nbr.card | eight (8) | EIE |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | ašta | nbr.card | eight (8) | EIE |
| aštəma- | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | aṣṭamá- | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE |
| ashtan | nbr.card | eight (8) | ASD | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | okt | nbr.card | eight (8) | EIE |
| oktante | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE | |
| Tocharian A: | okät | nbr.card | eight (8) | EIE |
| oktänt | nbr.ord | eighth (8th) | EIE | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| card | = | cardinal |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nbr | = | number |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ord | = | ordinal |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| EIE | = | J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
