Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: oku̯- 'to see, ogle; eye'
Semantic Field(s): to See, Eye
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | æt-iewan | vb.wk | to show, appear | GED |
| ē(a)ge | n.neut | eye | ASD/W7 | |
| Northumbrian: | ēawa | vb.wk | to show, appear | GED |
| Mercian: | ēawan | vb.wk | to show, appear | GED |
| Middle English: | aunteler | n | antler | W7 |
| dropesie | n | dropsy | W7 | |
| eye | n | eye | W7 | |
| inoculaten | vb | to insert bud in plant | W7 | |
| oilet | n | eyelet | W7 | |
| pirope | n | type of garnet | W7 | |
| ulage | n | ullage, empty part of container | W7 | |
| wawil-eghed | adj | walleyed | W7 | |
| windowe | n | window | W7 | |
| ydropesie | n | dropsy, edema | W7 | |
| English: | antler | n | solid deciduous deer horn | AHD/W7 |
| autopsy | n | postmortem examination | AHD/W7 | |
| binocular | adj | re: both/two eyes | W7 | |
| binoculars | n.pl | binocular optical instrument | W7 | |
| catoptric | adj | re: mirror/reflected light | AHD/W7 | |
| daisy | n | familiar wild Eurasian plant/flower | AHD/CDC | |
| diopter | n | optical instrument | AHD/W7 | |
| diopter | n | unit of measurement: lens refractive power | AHD/W7 | |
| dropsy | n | edema | AHD/W7 | |
| exophthalmos | n | abnormal protrusion of eyeball | AHD/W7 | |
| eye | n | organ of sight | AHD/W7 | |
| eyelet | n | small hole to receive cord | AHD/W7 | |
| inoculate | vb.trans | to communicate disease by introducing causative agent into tissue | AHD/W7 | |
| inveigle | vb.trans | to entice, win over by flattery | AHD/W7 | |
| iodopsin | n | photosensitive violet pigment in retinal cones | AHD/W7 | |
| metope | n | space between triglyphs of Doric frieze | AHD/W7 | |
| metopic | adj | re: forehead | AHD | |
| monocle | n | eyeglass for one eye | AHD/W7 | |
| monocular | adj | re: one eye | W7 | |
| myopia | n | defective vision re: distant objects | AHD/W7 | |
| nyctalopia | n | night blindness | AHD | |
| ocellus | n | minute simple eye(spot) of invertebrate | AHD/W7 | |
| ocular | adj | done/perceived by eye | AHD/W7 | |
| oculist | n | ophthalmologist | AHD/W7 | |
| oculomotor | adj | re: eyeball movement | AHD | |
| oculus | n | eyelike opening/ornament | AHD | |
| ogle | vb | to look with amorous invitation | AHD/W7 | |
| ommatidium | n | small simple eye, part of compound arthropod eye | AHD/W7 | |
| ommatophore | n | movable stalk ending with (snail) eye | AHD | |
| opsin | n | visual pigment protein in retina | AHD | |
| -opsis | n.sfx | structure resembling (some) thing | AHD/W7 | |
| -opsy | n.sfx | examination | AHD/W7 | |
| optic | adj | re: eye/vision | AHD/W7 | |
| optoelectronics | n | physics re: interconversion of light/electricity | AHD | |
| optometry | n | art/profession of examining eye for defects | AHD/W7 | |
| panoptic | adj | re: everything in view | AHD | |
| Pelops | prop.n | son of Tantalus served as food to the gods by his father (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| phlogopite | n | red/brown form of mica | AHD/W7 | |
| pinochle | n | game played with 48-card pack | AHD/W7 | |
| presbyopia | n | inability of old eyes to focus sharply | AHD | |
| prosopography | n | statistical study describing people/characters in context | AHD | |
| prosopopoeia | n | figure of speech with absent/imaginary person represented as acting/speaking | AHD/W7 | |
| pyrope | n | magnesium-aluminum garnet gemstone | AHD/W7 | |
| rhodopsin | n | red photosensitive pigment in retinal rods of fishes/vertebrates | AHD/W7 | |
| senopia | n | near-vision improvement due to old-age cataract | AHD | |
| synopsis | n | abstract, condensed outline/statement | AHD/W7 | |
| triceratops | n | herbivorous dinosaur of Cretaceous Period | AHD | |
| ullage | n | amount by which container lacks being full | AHD/W7 | |
| walleyed | adj | re: having whitish iris | AHD/W7 | |
| window | n | opening in wall to admit air/light | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ag(e), ach, oge | n.neut | eye | ASD |
| Old Frankish: | t-oeghen | vb.wk | to show | GED |
| Middle Dutch: | t-oenen | vb.wk | to show | GED |
| Dutch: | oog | n.neut | eye | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | ōga | n.neut | eye | ASD |
| ōgian | vb.wk | to show | GED | |
| Low German: | oegeln | vb | to see | W7 |
| oog | n | eye | W7 | |
| Old High German: | ouga, auga | n.neut | eye | ASD/W7 |
| ougan, auckan | vb.wk | to show | GED | |
| Middle High German: | ouge | n.neut | eye | ASD |
| z-öugen | vb.wk | to show | GED | |
| z-ounen | vb.wk | to show | GED/IEW | |
| German: | Auge | n.neut | eye | ASD |
| Binokel | n | game resembling bezique | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | auga | n | eye | W7 |
| eygr | adj | eyed | W7 | |
| vagl-eygr | adj | walleyed | W7 | |
| vindauga | n | window | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | eygja | vb.wk | to show | GED |
| Icelandic: | auga | n | eye | ASD |
| Danish: | vindue | n | window | TLL |
| øje | n | eye | TLL | |
| Swedish: | öga | n.neut | eye | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *augjan | vb.wk.I | to show | GED |
| áugō | n.wk.neut | eye | LRC | |
| Crimean Gothic: | oeghene | n.pl | eyes | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | hydrops | n.masc | dropsy | W7 |
| inoculo, inoculare, inoculavi, inoculatus | vb | to graft in | W7 | |
| ocellus | n.masc | small eye | W7 | |
| oculus, oculi | n.masc | eye | LRC | |
| Pelops | n.masc | Pelops | W7 | |
| prosopopoeia | n.fem | figure of rhetoric | W7 | |
| pyropus | n.masc | red bronze | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | anteocularis | adj | located before the eye | W7 |
| anteoculo, anteoculāre | vb | to put before one's eyes | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | monoculus | adj | monocular, having one eye | W7 |
| ocularis | adj | re: eye(s) | W7 | |
| synopsis | n.fem | overview | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | opticus | adj | of sight | W7 |
| New Latin: | myopia | n.fem | defective vision re: distant objects | W7 |
| ocellus | n.masc.dim | eye(spot) of invertebrate | W7 | |
| ommatidium | n.neut | part of compound arthropod eye | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | ôlho | n | eye | TLL |
| Spanish: | ojo | n | eye | TLL |
| Old French: | antollier | n | antler | AHD |
| avogle | adj | blind | W7 | |
| avogler | vb | to make blind | W7 | |
| ouil | n.masc | eye, bunghole | W7 | |
| ydropesie | n.fem | hydropsy | W7 | |
| Middle French: | antoillier | adj | located before the eye(s) | W7 |
| aveugler | vb | to blind, hoodwink | W7 | |
| dioptre | n.masc | diopter | W7 | |
| eullage | n.masc | act of filling cask | W7 | |
| eullier | vb | to fill a cask | W7 | |
| oil | n.masc | eye | W7 | |
| oillet | n.masc.dim | flower; small eye | W7 | |
| optique | adj | re: sight | W7 | |
| pirope | n.fem | a red gem | W7 | |
| French: | binocle | n.masc | pair of eye-glasses | W7 |
| monocle | n.masc | single eye-glass | W7 | |
| oculiste | n.masc | oculist | W7 | |
| œil, yeux | n.masc | eye(s) | TLL | |
| Italian: | occhio | n | eye | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | akìs | n.fem | eye | LRC |
| Latvian: | acs | n.fem | eye | LRC |
| uzacs | n.fem | eyebrow | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | oko | n.neut | eye | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | autopsia | n.fem | act of seeing with one's own eyes | W7 |
| exophthalmos | adj | having prominent eyes | W7 | |
| katoptrikos | adj | catoptric | W7 | |
| katoptron | n.neut | mirror | W7 | |
| katopsomai | vb | to be going to observe | W7 | |
| metopē | n.fem | metope | W7 | |
| myōpia | n.fem | myopia | W7 | |
| myōps, myōpos | adj | having half-shut eyes | W7 | |
| omma, ommatos | n.neut | eye | W7 | |
| opē | n.fem | opening | W7 | |
| optikos | adj | re: sight | W7 | |
| ophthalmos | n.masc | eye | W7 | |
| -opsia | sfx | looking like | W7 | |
| opsis | n.fem/sfx | appearance; having likeness of | W7 | |
| opsomai | vb | to be going to see | W7 | |
| πρόσωπον | n.neut | mask, face, person | LRC | |
| prosōpopoiia | n.fem | figure of rhetoric | W7 | |
| pyrōpos | adj | fiery-eyed | W7 | |
| σύνοπτος | adj | visible | LRC | |
| synopsis | n.fem | comprehensive view | W7 | |
| hydrōps | n.masc | dropsy | W7 | |
| phlogōpos | adj | fiery-looking | W7 | |
| ōps | n.fem | eye, face | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | aksha | n.neut | eye | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
