Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ost(h)-, ost(h)i, ost(h)r̥(g), oblique ost(h)-(e)n- 'os, bone'
Semantic Field(s): Bone
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | oistre | n | oyster | W7 |
| English: | astragal | n | narrow half-round molding | AHD/W7 |
| astragalus | n | proximal bone of higher vertebrate tarsus | AHD/W7 | |
| endosteum | n | vascular connective tissue layer | AHD/W7 | |
| exostosis | n | spur/bony outgrowth from bone/root of tooth | AHD/W7 | |
| os | n | bone | AHD/W7 | |
| osseous | adj | bony | AHD/W7 | |
| ossicle | n | small bone/calcareous body part | AHD/W7 | |
| ossuary | n | depository for bones of dead | AHD/W7 | |
| oste(o)- | pfx | bone | AHD | |
| osteoma | n | benign tumor of bony tissue | AHD | |
| osteomalacia | n | deficiency disease, lit. bone-softness | AHD | |
| ostracize | vb.trans | to exile by popular vote | AHD/W7 | |
| ostracod | n | (mostly freshwater) small active crustacean | AHD/W7 | |
| ostracoderm | n.arch | extinct primitive armored jawless fish-like vertebrate | AHD | |
| ostracon | n | potsherd (used for writing/drawing) | AHD | |
| oyster | n | marine bivalve mollusk with rough irregular shell | AHD/W7 | |
| periosteum | n | connective tissue membrane investing bones | AHD/W7 | |
| periostracum | n | hard protective covering of mollusk shell | AHD | |
| synost(e)osis | n | union via bone, fusion of normally separate bones | AHD/CDC | |
| teleost | n | fish with bony rather than cartilaginous skeleton | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | ostracise | vb.trans | to ostracize | LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | oester | n | oyster | TLL |
| German: | Auster | n | oyster | TLL |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Danish: | østers | n | oyster | TLL |
| Swedish: | ostron | n | oyster | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | os, ossua | n.neut | bone(s) | W7 |
| Latin: | os, ossis | n.neut | bone | W7 |
| osseus | adj | osseous, re: bone | W7 | |
| ossiculum | n.neut | small bone | W7 | |
| ossuarium | n.neut | urn containing bones | W7 | |
| ossuarius | adj | of bones | W7 | |
| ostrea | n.fem | oyster | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | periosteon | n.neut | periosteum | W7 |
| New Latin: | astragalus | n.masc | astragalus | W7 |
| endosteum | n.neut | bone in the inside | W7 | |
| exostosis | n.fem | bony growth | W7 | |
| periosteum | n.neut | tissue membrane investing bones | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | ostra | n | oyster | TLL |
| Spanish: | ostra | n | oyster | TLL |
| Middle French: | oistre | n.fem | oyster | W7 |
| French: | huître | n | oyster | TLL |
| Italian: | ostrica | n | oyster | TLL |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | astragalos | n.masc | ankle-bone; molding | W7 |
| exostōsis | n.fem | dedication | W7 | |
| osteon | n.neut | bone | W7 | |
| ostrakizw | vb | to banish by voting (with ostracons) | W7 | |
| ostrakon | n.neut | shell, ostracon | W7 | |
| ostreon | n.neut | oyster | W7 | |
| periosteos | adj | around the bone | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| arch | = | archaic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
