Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. perg- 'fear; to frighten'
Semantic Field(s): Fear, Fright
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | forht | adj | fearful, afraid, timid | ASD/RPN |
| forhtian, forhtig(e)an, forhtegean | vb.wk | to fear, be afraid | ASD/RPN | |
| fyrhtan | vb | to frighten, tremble | ASD/RPN | |
| fyrhto, fyrhtu | n | fright, fear | ASD/RPN | |
| Middle English: | friʒt, fryʒt | n | fright | CDC |
| English: | fright | n | fear, alarm | LRC |
| frighten | vb | to terrify, make/become afraid | W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | fruchta | n | fright | RPN |
| Old Dutch: | vorght, vrocht | n | fright | CDC |
| vurcht, vrucht | n | fright | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | for(a)ht, furht | adj | timid, fearful | ASD |
| for(a)hta | n | fright | CDC | |
| Middle Low German: | vorchte, vrochte, vruchte | n | fright | CDC |
| Low German: | frucht | n | fright | CDC |
| Old High German: | for(a)hta, forohta | n.fem | fright | CDC/RPN |
| forht | adj | timid, fearful | ASD | |
| furhten | vb | to fear | RPN | |
| Middle High German: | vorht(e) | n.fem | fright | ASD/CDC |
| German: | Furcht | n.fem | fright | ASD/CDC |
| fürchten | vb | to fear | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Danish: | frygt | n.masc/fem | fright | ASD/CDC |
| Swedish: | fruktan | n.fem | fright | ASD/CDC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | faurhtei | n.fem | fright | ASD/RPN |
| faurhtjan | vb.wk.I | to fear, be afraid | LRC | |
| faurhts | adj | timid, afraid, fearful | RPN | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | pärsk- | vb | to fear, be afraid | RPN |
| prāsk- | vb | to fear, be afraid | RPN | |
| proskiye | n | fear | RPN | |
| prosko | n | fear | RPN | |
| Tocharian A: | pärsk- | vb | to fear, be afraid | RPN |
| prask- | vb | to fear, be afraid | RPN | |
| praski | n | fear | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
