Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: perku̯u-s 'oak'
Semantic Field(s): Oak, Tree, Oak
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | fe(o)rh, feorg, fiorh, fyorh | n.str.masc/neut | life, soul, spirit | ASD |
feorh-hūs | n.neut | body, lit. life-house | LRC | |
firgen, fyrgen | n.neut | mountain, mountain-woodland | ASD | |
fyrh | n | fir | W7 | |
Middle English: | cork | n | cork, bark | W7 |
fir | n | fir | W7 | |
English: | cork | n | lightweight elastic outer tree bark | AHD |
fir | n | symmetrical tree of pine family | AHD/W7 | |
Firienfeld | prop.n | Dunharrow meadow in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Firienwood | prop.n | White Mountains forest in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Halifirien | prop.n | beacon hill in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
quercetin | n | yellow crystalline pigment | AHD/W7 | |
quercitron | n | oak | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | kurk | n | cork | AHD |
Old Saxon: | fer(a)h | n.neut | life, soul | ASD |
Low German: | korck | n | cork | AHD |
Old High German: | fërah, ferh | n.neut | life, spirit | ASD |
forha | n | fir | W7 | |
kien-foraha | n | pine | KDW | |
Middle High German: | vërch | n.neut | life | ASD |
German: | Ferch | n.neut | life, blood | ASD |
Föhre | n.fem | Scots pine | LRC | |
Kiefer | n.fem | pine (tree) | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | firar | n.masc.pl | men, people | LRC |
Icelandic: | fjör | n.neut | life | ASD |
Fjörgyn | prop.n.fem | Mother-earth | ASD | |
Danish: | fyr | n | fir, pine | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | faírguni | n.str.neut | mountain | LRC |
fairhwus | n | world | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | quercetum | n.neut | oak forest | W7 |
quercus | n.fem | oak (tree) | W7 | |
New Latin: | Quercus | n.masc | oak (genus) | W7 |
Spanish: | corcho | n.masc | cork | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |