Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: peu̯ōr, pū̆r, genitive pu-n-és, locative puu̯éni 'fire'
Semantic Field(s): Fire (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fȳr, fīr | n.neut | fire, hearth | ASD/RPN |
| Middle English: | fire | n | fire | W7 |
| English: | empyreal | adj | celestial, re: highest heaven | AHD/W7 |
| fire | n | combustion manifested as heat/light/flame | AHD/W7 | |
| Firefoot | prop.n | Eomer's horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Fire-mountain | prop.n | Orodruin, a.k.a. Mount Doom in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| pyre | n | combustible heap for burning body as funeral rite | AHD/W7 | |
| pyretic | adj | febrile, re: fever | AHD/W7 | |
| pyrite | n | iron sulfide: gold/brass-colored mineral | AHD/W7 | |
| pyrites | n | metallic sulfide mineral | AHD | |
| pyro- | pfx | fire, heat | AHD | |
| pyrosis | n | heartburn | AHD/W7 | |
| pyrrhotite | n | ferrous sulfide: bronze-colored mineral | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | fyre | n | fire | ASD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | fior, fiur | n.neut | fire | ASD |
| Frisian: | fjœr | n | fire | ASD |
| Dutch: | vuur | n.neut | fire | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | fiur | n.neut | fire | ASD |
| Low German: | füer, vü(e)r | n.neut | fire | ASD |
| Old High German: | fiur | n.neut | fire | ASD/RPN |
| Middle High German: | viu(we)r, viwer | n.neut | fire | ASD |
| German: | Feuer | n.neut | fire | ASD |
| Pyrrhotin | n | pyrrhotite | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | fúrr | n.masc | fire | ASD/RPN |
| Danish: | fyr | n.masc/fem | fire | ASD |
| Swedish: | fyr | n.masc | fire, beacon, lighthouse | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | fōn, funins | n | fire | RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Umbrian: | pir | n | fire | RPN |
| Latin: | pyra | n.fem | pyre | W7 |
| Late Latin: | empyreus, empyrius | adj | empyreal | W7 |
| New Latin: | pyrosis | n.fem | heartburn | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | panno | n | fire | RPN |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Czech: | púř | n | embers, glowing ashes | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | πῦρ | n.neut | fire | LRC |
| Greek: | pyra | n.fem | pyre | W7 |
| pyretikos | adj | re: fever | W7 | |
| pyretos | n.masc | fever | W7 | |
| πυρίη | n.fem | vapor bath | LRC | |
| pyritēs | adj | re: fire | W7 | |
| pyroun | vb | to burn | W7 | |
| pyrrhos | adj | red | W7 | |
| pyrrhotēs | n.fem | redness | W7 | |
| pyrōsis | n.fem | burning | W7 | |
| Late Greek: | empyrios | adj | empyreal, re: fire within | W7 |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Luwian: | pa-a-h̯u-u-ur | n | fire | RPN |
| Hittite: | pa-ah̯-h̯u-e-na-aš | n.gen.sg | of fire | RPN |
| pa-ah̯-h̯ur | n | fire | RPN | |
| pa-ah̯-h̯u-ur | n | fire | RPN | |
| pa-ah̯-h̯u-wa-ar | n | fire | RPN | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | hur | n | fire | RPN |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | puwar | n | fire | RPN |
| Tocharian A: | por | n | fire | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| gen | = | genitive (case) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |