Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: peu̯ōr, pū̆r, genitive pu-n-és, locative puu̯éni 'fire'
Semantic Field(s): Fire (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | fȳr, fīr | n.neut | fire, hearth | ASD/RPN |
Middle English: | fire | n | fire | W7 |
English: | empyreal | adj | celestial, re: highest heaven | AHD/W7 |
fire | n | combustion manifested as heat/light/flame | AHD/W7 | |
Firefoot | prop.n | Eomer's horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Fire-mountain | prop.n | Orodruin, a.k.a. Mount Doom in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
pyre | n | combustible heap for burning body as funeral rite | AHD/W7 | |
pyretic | adj | febrile, re: fever | AHD/W7 | |
pyrite | n | iron sulfide: gold/brass-colored mineral | AHD/W7 | |
pyrites | n | metallic sulfide mineral | AHD | |
pyro- | pfx | fire, heat | AHD | |
pyrosis | n | heartburn | AHD/W7 | |
pyrrhotite | n | ferrous sulfide: bronze-colored mineral | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | fyre | n | fire | ASD |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | fior, fiur | n.neut | fire | ASD |
Frisian: | fjœr | n | fire | ASD |
Dutch: | vuur | n.neut | fire | ASD |
Old Saxon: | fiur | n.neut | fire | ASD |
Low German: | füer, vü(e)r | n.neut | fire | ASD |
Old High German: | fiur | n.neut | fire | ASD/RPN |
Middle High German: | viu(we)r, viwer | n.neut | fire | ASD |
German: | Feuer | n.neut | fire | ASD |
Pyrrhotin | n | pyrrhotite | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | fúrr | n.masc | fire | ASD/RPN |
Danish: | fyr | n.masc/fem | fire | ASD |
Swedish: | fyr | n.masc | fire, beacon, lighthouse | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | fōn, funins | n | fire | RPN |
Italic | ||||
Umbrian: | pir | n | fire | RPN |
Latin: | pyra | n.fem | pyre | W7 |
Late Latin: | empyreus, empyrius | adj | empyreal | W7 |
New Latin: | pyrosis | n.fem | heartburn | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | panno | n | fire | RPN |
Slavic | ||||
Old Czech: | púř | n | embers, glowing ashes | RPN |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | πῦρ | n.neut | fire | LRC |
Greek: | pyra | n.fem | pyre | W7 |
pyretikos | adj | re: fever | W7 | |
pyretos | n.masc | fever | W7 | |
πυρίη | n.fem | vapor bath | LRC | |
pyritēs | adj | re: fire | W7 | |
pyroun | vb | to burn | W7 | |
pyrrhos | adj | red | W7 | |
pyrrhotēs | n.fem | redness | W7 | |
pyrōsis | n.fem | burning | W7 | |
Late Greek: | empyrios | adj | empyreal, re: fire within | W7 |
Anatolian | ||||
Luwian: | pa-a-h̯u-u-ur | n | fire | RPN |
Hittite: | pa-ah̯-h̯u-e-na-aš | n.gen.sg | of fire | RPN |
pa-ah̯-h̯ur | n | fire | RPN | |
pa-ah̯-h̯u-ur | n | fire | RPN | |
pa-ah̯-h̯u-wa-ar | n | fire | RPN | |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | hur | n | fire | RPN |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | puwar | n | fire | RPN |
Tocharian A: | por | n | fire | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
gen | = | genitive (case) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
prop | = | proper |
sg | = | singular (number) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |