Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: pətḗ(r), genitive pətr-és 'father'
Semantic Field(s): Father
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | athir | n | father | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fæder, feder | n.masc | father | LRC |
| fæd(e)ra | n.masc | paternal uncle | KEW | |
| Middle English: | fader | n | father | W7 |
| patriarche | n | patriarch | W7 | |
| patricion | n | patrician | W7 | |
| patrimonie | n | patrimony | W7 | |
| patron | n | patron | W7 | |
| English: | allopatric | adj | occurring in isolation/different areas | AHD/W7 |
| eupatrid | n | ancient Athenian hereditary aristocrat | AHD/W7 | |
| expatriate | vb | to banish, drive into exile | AHD/W7 | |
| father | n | sire, man who begot child | AHD/W7 | |
| forefather | n | ancestor | AHD/W7 | |
| gaffer | n | godfather, grandfather, old fellow | OED | |
| godfather | n | man who sponsors child at baptism | W7 | |
| goombah | n.sl | companion, associate, older friend | AHD | |
| grandfather | n | parent's father; ancestor | LRC | |
| padre | n | Christian clergyman | AHD/W7 | |
| paternal | adj | re: father | AHD/W7 | |
| patri- | pfx | father | AHD | |
| patriarch | n | scriptural father of human race/Hebrew people | AHD/W7 | |
| patrician | n | member of noble family (of ancient Rome) | AHD/W7 | |
| patrimony | n | estate inherited from father/other ancestor | AHD/W7 | |
| patriot | n | one who loves his native country | AHD/W7 | |
| patroclinous | adj | re: inherited characteristics closer to father than mother | AHD | |
| patron | n | one named/chosen/honored as special guardian/protector/supporter | AHD/W7 | |
| patronymic | adj/n | (re:) paternal ancestor's name | AHD/W7 | |
| père | n | father | AHD | |
| perpetrate | vb.trans | to commit, be guilty of | AHD/W7 | |
| sympatric | adj | occurring in same area | AHD/W7 | |
| American English: | compadre | n | buddy, companion, close friend/associate | AHD |
| British English: | pater | n | father | AHD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | fader, feder, feider | n.masc | father | ASD |
| Frisian: | faer | n.masc | father | ASD |
| Dutch: | vader | n.masc | father | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | fadar, fader | n.masc | father | ASD |
| fediro | n | paternal uncle | KSW | |
| Low German: | vader | n.masc | father | ASD |
| Old High German: | fatar, fater | n.masc | father | ASD |
| fetiro | n | paternal uncle; male cousin | KDW | |
| Middle High German: | vater | n.masc | father | ASD |
| German: | Vater | n.masc | father | LRC |
| Vetter | n.masc | male cousin | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | faðir | n.masc | father | LRC |
| Icelandic: | faðir | n.masc | father | ASD |
| Danish: | fader | n.masc | father | ASD |
| fætter | n | male cousin | TLL | |
| Swedish: | fader | n.masc | father | ASD |
| far | n | father | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | fadar | n.masc | father | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | pater, patris | n.masc | father | LRC |
| paternus | adj | of a father | W7 | |
| patres | n.masc.pl | senators | W7 | |
| patria, patriae | n.fem | fatherland, native country | LRC | |
| patricius | adj | of patricians | W7 | |
| patrimonium | n.neut | property inherited from father | W7 | |
| patrius, patria, patrium | adj | paternal | LRC | |
| patro, patrare | vb | to accomplish | W7 | |
| patronus | n.masc | patron, defender | W7 | |
| perpetratus | vb.ptc | perpetrated | W7 | |
| perpetro, perpetrare | vb | to perpetrate | W7 | |
| propritim | adv | as one's own | LRC | |
| proprius, propria, proprium | adj | proper, own | LRC | |
| Late Latin: | patriarcha | n.masc | patriarch | W7 |
| patriota | n.masc | patriot, countryman | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | expatriatus | vb.ptc | having left one's country | W7 |
| expatriō, expatriāre | vb | to leave one's country | W7 | |
| patronus | n.masc | patron saint, patron of benefice | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | padre | n.masc | father, priest | W7 |
| pai | n | father | TLL | |
| Spanish: | compadre | n.masc | friend, compadre | AHD |
| padre | n.masc | father | TLL | |
| Old French: | patriarche | n.masc | patriarch | W7 |
| Middle French: | patricien | n.masc | patrician | W7 |
| patrimonie | n.fem | patrimony | W7 | |
| patriote | adj | loving one's country | W7 | |
| patron | n.masc | patron saint; one's employer | W7 | |
| French: | père | n | father | TLL |
| Italian: | padre | n | father | TLL |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | πατήρ | n.masc | father | LRC |
| πάτρη | n | home, native land/country | LRC | |
| Greek: | eupatridēs | adj | of noble family | W7 |
| πατριά | n.fem | lineage, fatherland | LRC | |
| patriarchēs | n.masc | patriarch | W7 | |
| patrios | adj | of one's father | W7 | |
| patriōtēs | adj | patriot, countryman | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | hayr | n | father | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | pitar- | n | father | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | pitár- | n | father | LRC |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian A: | pācar | n | father | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sl | = | slang |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| KSW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
