Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: pork̑o-s 'porker, pig(let)'
Semantic Field(s): Pig
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | orc | n | pig | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | *feargian | vb | to farrow | W7 |
| fearh, færh, ferh | n.masc | young pig | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | farwen | vb | to farrow | W7 |
| pork | n | pork | W7 | |
| English: | aardvark | n | nocturnal ant-eating African mammal | AHD/W7 |
| farrow | n | litter of pigs | W7 | |
| farrow | vb | to bear/give birth (to swine) | AHD/W7 | |
| porcelain | n | fine ceramic ware | AHD/W7 | |
| porcine | adj | re: swine/pigs | AHD/W7 | |
| pork | n | swine flesh (as food) | AHD/W7 | |
| porker | n | hog, young pig fattened for slaughter | W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | varken | n | pig | AHD |
| Dutch: | vark | n | pig | AHD |
| Afrikaans: | aardvark | n | aardvark | W7 |
| Old High German: | farah | n | piglet, young pig | W7 |
| German: | Porzelan | n.neut | porcelain | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | porcellus | n.masc.dim | small pig | W7 |
| porcinus | adj | re: pigs | W7 | |
| porcus | n.masc | pig, hog | W7 | |
| Old French: | pork | n.masc | pork, pig | W7 |
| Middle French: | percelaine | n.fem | porcelain; cowrie shell | W7 |
| Italian: | porcellana | n.fem | porcelain | W7 |
| porcèllo | n.masc | little pig | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | paršẽlis | n | cattle | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Kurdish: | purs | n | pork; cattle | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | pā́shu- | n | cattle | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
