Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. pū̆- : peu̯ə- 'to rot, stink'
Semantic Field(s): to Spoil, Stinking, Bad Smelling
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | fūl | adj | foul | W7 |
fȳlan | vb.wk | to file | ASD/W7 | |
fȳlþ | n.fem | filth | W7 | |
Middle English: | defilen | vb | to defile | W7 |
defoulen | vb | to foil, defile | W7 | |
filen | vb | to file | W7 | |
filth | n | filth | W7 | |
fog | n | fog | W7 | |
foilen | vb | to foil, full cloth | W7 | |
foul | adj | foul | W7 | |
English: | defile | vb.trans | to dirty, make filthy | AHD/W7 |
empyema | n | presence of pus in body cavity | AHD/W7 | |
file | vb.trans | to defile, corrupt | AHD/W7 | |
filth | n | foul/putrid matter | AHD/W7 | |
fog | n | dead/decaying grass (in winter) | AHD/W7 | |
foil | vb.trans | to trample | AHD/W7 | |
foul | adj | rotten, loathsome, offensive to senses | AHD/W7 | |
fulmar | n | Arctic seabird | AHD/W7 | |
fuzzy | adj | resembling/covered with fuzz | AHD/W7 | |
potpourri | n | stew, different meats/vegetables cooked together | AHD/CDC | |
purulent | adj | re: pus | AHD/W7 | |
pus | n | thick opaque yellowish white body fluid | AHD/W7 | |
putrescent | adj | putrid, re: putrefaction | AHD/W7 | |
putrid | adj | rotten, in state of putrefaction | AHD/W7 | |
suppurate | vb.intrans | to form/discharge pus | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | ful | adj | foul | ASD |
Frisian: | fule, fuwle | adj | foul | ASD |
Dutch: | vuil | adj | foul | ASD |
Old Saxon: | fūliþa | n.fem | filth | ASD |
Low German: | fussig | adj | loose, spongy | W7 |
fu(u)l, vuul | adj | foul | ASD | |
Old High German: | fūl | adj | foul | W7 |
fūlida | n.fem | filth | ASD | |
Middle High German: | vūl | adj | foul | ASD |
German: | faul | adj | foul | ASD |
Fäule | n.fem | rot, decay | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | fúinn | adj | rotten, decayed | LRC |
fūll | adj | foul | W7 | |
fūlmār | n | gull, fulmar | W7 | |
Danish: | fuul | adj | foul | ASD |
Swedish: | ful | adj | foul | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | fuls | adj | foul | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | purulentus | adj | purulent | W7 |
pus | n.neut | pus | W7 | |
puteo, putēre | vb | to stink | W7 | |
puter | adj | putrid | W7 | |
putreo, putrēre | vb | to be rotten | W7 | |
putrescens, putrescentis | adj/vb.ptc | rotting | W7 | |
putresco, putrescere | vb | to grow rotten | W7 | |
putridus | adj | putrid | W7 | |
putris | adj | putrid | W7 | |
suppuratus | vb.ptc | suppurated | W7 | |
suppuro, suppurare | vb | to suppurate | W7 | |
Late Latin: | empyema | n.neut | empyema | W7 |
Old French: | defouler | vb | to trample | W7 |
fouler | vb | to foul, trample | W7 | |
Middle French: | fouler | vb | to trample | W7 |
French: | pourri | adj | rotten | W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | pyon | n.neut | pus | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |