Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. pū̆- : peu̯ə- 'to rot, stink'
Semantic Field(s): to Spoil, Stinking, Bad Smelling
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fūl | adj | foul | W7 |
| fȳlan | vb.wk | to file | ASD/W7 | |
| fȳlþ | n.fem | filth | W7 | |
| Middle English: | defilen | vb | to defile | W7 |
| defoulen | vb | to foil, defile | W7 | |
| filen | vb | to file | W7 | |
| filth | n | filth | W7 | |
| fog | n | fog | W7 | |
| foilen | vb | to foil, full cloth | W7 | |
| foul | adj | foul | W7 | |
| English: | defile | vb.trans | to dirty, make filthy | AHD/W7 |
| empyema | n | presence of pus in body cavity | AHD/W7 | |
| file | vb.trans | to defile, corrupt | AHD/W7 | |
| filth | n | foul/putrid matter | AHD/W7 | |
| fog | n | dead/decaying grass (in winter) | AHD/W7 | |
| foil | vb.trans | to trample | AHD/W7 | |
| foul | adj | rotten, loathsome, offensive to senses | AHD/W7 | |
| fulmar | n | Arctic seabird | AHD/W7 | |
| fuzzy | adj | resembling/covered with fuzz | AHD/W7 | |
| potpourri | n | stew, different meats/vegetables cooked together | AHD/CDC | |
| purulent | adj | re: pus | AHD/W7 | |
| pus | n | thick opaque yellowish white body fluid | AHD/W7 | |
| putrescent | adj | putrid, re: putrefaction | AHD/W7 | |
| putrid | adj | rotten, in state of putrefaction | AHD/W7 | |
| suppurate | vb.intrans | to form/discharge pus | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ful | adj | foul | ASD |
| Frisian: | fule, fuwle | adj | foul | ASD |
| Dutch: | vuil | adj | foul | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | fūliþa | n.fem | filth | ASD |
| Low German: | fussig | adj | loose, spongy | W7 |
| fu(u)l, vuul | adj | foul | ASD | |
| Old High German: | fūl | adj | foul | W7 |
| fūlida | n.fem | filth | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | vūl | adj | foul | ASD |
| German: | faul | adj | foul | ASD |
| Fäule | n.fem | rot, decay | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | fúinn | adj | rotten, decayed | LRC |
| fūll | adj | foul | W7 | |
| fūlmār | n | gull, fulmar | W7 | |
| Danish: | fuul | adj | foul | ASD |
| Swedish: | ful | adj | foul | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | fuls | adj | foul | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | purulentus | adj | purulent | W7 |
| pus | n.neut | pus | W7 | |
| puteo, putēre | vb | to stink | W7 | |
| puter | adj | putrid | W7 | |
| putreo, putrēre | vb | to be rotten | W7 | |
| putrescens, putrescentis | adj/vb.ptc | rotting | W7 | |
| putresco, putrescere | vb | to grow rotten | W7 | |
| putridus | adj | putrid | W7 | |
| putris | adj | putrid | W7 | |
| suppuratus | vb.ptc | suppurated | W7 | |
| suppuro, suppurare | vb | to suppurate | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | empyema | n.neut | empyema | W7 |
| Old French: | defouler | vb | to trample | W7 |
| fouler | vb | to foul, trample | W7 | |
| Middle French: | fouler | vb | to trample | W7 |
| French: | pourri | adj | rotten | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | pyon | n.neut | pus | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |