Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: phō̆l- 'to fall'
Semantic Field(s): to Fall
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | befeallan | vb | to fall, befall | AHD |
| feall, fiell | n.masc | fall, ruin, death | ASD/RPN | |
| feallan, fēol(l), fēollon, feallen | vb.str.intrans | to fall (down), fail | ASD/RPN | |
| fellan, fyllan | vb.wk | to fell | ASD/W7 | |
| fiellan | vb | to fell, kill | RPN | |
| Middle English: | bifallen | vb | to befall | AHD |
| blindfelden | vb | to blindfold, strike blind | W7 | |
| blindfellen | vb | to blindfold | W7 | |
| fallen | vb | to fall | W7 | |
| fellen | vb | to fell | W7 | |
| English: | befall, befell, befallen | vb.str | to happen (to) | AHD |
| blindfold | vb.trans | to cover eyes with bandage | AHD/W7 | |
| fall, fell, fallen | vb.str.intrans | to descend freely from pull of gravity | AHD/W7 | |
| fell | vb.wk.trans | to cut/beat/knock down | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | falla | vb | to fall | ASD |
| Frisian: | fallan | vb | to fall | ASD |
| Dutch: | vallen | vb | to fall | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | fallan | vb | to fall | ASD |
| Old High German: | fallan | vb | to fall | W7 |
| Middle High German: | vallen | vb | to fall | ASD |
| German: | fallen | vb | to fall | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | falla | vb | to fall (down), be slain; flow | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | fall | n | fall, ruin, death | RPN |
| fella | vb | to fell, kill | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | falla | vb | to fall | ASD |
| Danish: | falde | vb | to fall | ASD |
| Swedish: | falla | vb | to fall | ASD |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | pùlti, púola, púolė | vb | to attack, assault, fall upon | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | pʰlanim | vb | to fall in | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
