Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. rei- 'to cut, reap, rive, tear, scratch'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut, to Tear, to Rub
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | rǣw, rāw | n.fem | row, line | ASD |
| rāp | n.masc | rope | ASD | |
| re(o)pan, rīpan | vb.str | to reap | ASD | |
| rīpe | adj | ripe | W7 | |
| rȳfe, rīfe | adj | rife | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | ariven, arryven | vb | to arrive | MEV/W7 |
| rawe | n | row | W7 | |
| repen | vb | to reap | W7 | |
| rift | n | rift | W7 | |
| ripe | adj | ripe | W7 | |
| ripelen | vb | to ripple | IEW | |
| riven | vb | to rive | W7 | |
| rivere | n | river | W7 | |
| rope | n | rope | W7 | |
| ryfe | adj | rife | W7 | |
| English: | arrive | vb.intrans | to reach destination | AHD/W7 |
| Orcrist | prop.n | sword (Goblin-Cleaver) in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC | |
| reap | vb | to cut with scythe/sickle | AHD/W7 | |
| rife | adj | widespread, abundant, prevalent | AHD/W7 | |
| rift | n | fissure, crevasse | AHD/W7 | |
| rigatoni | n | short curved fluted pieces of macaroni | AHD/W7 | |
| rimose | adj | having numerous clefts/cracks/fissures | AHD/W7 | |
| riparian | adj | re: location on bank of natural watercourse | AHD/W7 | |
| ripe | adj | mature, fully grown/developed | AHD/W7 | |
| ripple | vb | to become ruffled/covered with small waves | IEW/W7 | |
| rist | vb | to slash, wound; mark, scratch, engrave | W2I | |
| rivage | n | bank, shore, coast | AHD | |
| rive | vb | to rend, cleave, tear apart | AHD/W7 | |
| Rivendell | prop.n | elven refuge in Tolkien: The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| river | n | large natural stream of water | AHD/W7 | |
| rope | n | stout cord of wire/fiber strands twisted/braided together | AHD/W7 | |
| row | n | set of objects in line/series/sequence | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | rivier | n | river | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | rīpi | adj | ripe | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | risten | vb | to carve, engrave | IEW |
| Old High German: | reif | n.masc | rope | ASD |
| rīfi | adj | ripe | ASD | |
| rīga | n | line | W7 | |
| German: | reif | adj | ripe | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | rīfa | vb | to rive | W7 |
| rīfr | adj | rife | W7 | |
| rīsta | vb.str | to cut, slash, carve, slice | ICE/IEW/W2I | |
| Old Icelandic: | rista | vb.wk | to cut, slash, carve, slice | ICE/IEW |
| Icelandic: | reip | n.neut | rope | ASD |
| rīf-ligr | adj | large, munificent | ASD | |
| Norwegian: | rift | n | rift, scratch | NED/W7 |
| Danish: | riste | vb | to cut, slash, carve | ICE |
| Old Swedish: | rīsta | vb | to carve/engrave (runes) | IEW |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | raip | n.neut | rope | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | rima | n.fem | slit, crack | W7 |
| rimosus | adj | slit, cracked | W7 | |
| rīpa | n.fem | riverbank, seashore | W7 | |
| riparia | n.fem | shore | W7 | |
| riparius | adj | riparian, re: shore | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | arripo, arripāre | vb | to come to shore | W7 |
| riparia | n.fem | shore | W7 | |
| Old French: | ar(r)iver | vb | to arrive | MEV/W7 |
| rivere | n.fem | bank, shore | W7 | |
| Italian: | rigare | vb | to furrow, flute | W7 |
| rigato | vb.ptc | fluted, furrowed | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ereipein | vb | to tear down | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| NED | = | Einar Haugen: Norwegian-English Dictionary (1965) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
