Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: reidh- 'to ride, go (in vehicle)'
Semantic Field(s): to Ride, to Go
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | rīadaim | vb | to ride | W7 |
Welsh: | gorwydd | n | horse, steed | W7/WE |
English | ||||
Old English: | ēored, ēorod | n.neut | cavalry band/troop, lit. horse-ride(rs) | ASD |
hron-rād | n.fem | sea, lit. whale-road | LRC | |
rād | n.fem | outfit, harness, implements | ASD | |
rād | n.fem | road; raid; ride, journey; (name for) R-rune | ASD/W7 | |
rīdan, rād, ridon, riden | vb.str.I | to ride | LRC | |
ridda | n.masc | rider, horseman | ASD | |
*riddena-mearc | n.fem | land of knights, lit. riders' march | LRC | |
Middle English: | alredi | adv | already | AHD |
aray | n | rank, estate, array | MEV | |
ar(r)ayen, araien, areyen | vb | to array | CDC/W7 | |
arrayment | n | raiment | W7 | |
currayen | vb | to curry | W7 | |
palfrey | n | palfrey | W7 | |
rayment | n | raiment | W7 | |
redy | adj | ready | W7 | |
riden | vb | to ride | W7 | |
rode | n | road | W7 | |
English: | already | adv | previously, prior to implied/specified time | AHD/W7 |
array | n | order, listing, grouping | W7 | |
array | vb.trans | to marshal, draw up, set/place in order | AHD/W7 | |
curry | vb.trans | to dress coat with currycomb | AHD/W7 | |
Éored | prop.n | cavalry unit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
palfrey | n | saddle horse other than war-horse | AHD/W7 | |
raddle | vb.trans | to interweave, twist together | AHD/W7 | |
raid | n | hostile/predatory incursion | AHD/W7 | |
raiment | n | clothing, garment(s) | AHD/W7 | |
ready | adj | prepared for some action/experience | AHD/W7 | |
Riddermark | prop.n | land a.k.a. Rohan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
ride, rode, ridden | vb.str | to sit/travel on back of animal | AHD/W7 | |
rider | n | one who rides | LRC | |
road | n | place less enclosed than harbor where ships ride at anchor | AHD/W7 | |
Wolf-rider | prop.n | ally of Saruman in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | rīda | vb | to ride | ASD |
Dutch: | rijden | vb | to ride | LRC |
Old High German: | rītan | vb | to ride | W7 |
German: | reiten | vb | to ride | LRC |
Reiter | n.masc | rider | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Runic: | *raido | n | riding; carriage; (name for) R-rune | LRC |
Old Norse: | reið | n.fem | ride; chariot | LRC |
reiði | n.masc/neut | harness, trappings; tackle, rigging | LRC | |
ríða | vb | to ride (over) | LRC | |
Icelandic: | reið | n.fem | raid; ride, journey | ASD |
reiða | n.fem | outfit, implements | ASD | |
reiði | n.masc/neut | tackle, harness | ASD | |
rīða | vb | to ride, sway, swing | ASD | |
Danish: | ride | vb | to ride | LRC |
Swedish: | rida | vb | to ride | LRC |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | garaiþs | adj | arrayed, arranged, commanded | GED/W7 |
raidjan | vb.wk | to establish, correctly determine | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | veredus | n.masc | post-horse | W7 |
Vulgar Latin: | arredo, arredare | vb | to equip | W7 |
conredo, conredare | vb | to prepare | W7 | |
Late Latin: | paraveredus | n.masc | post-horse for secondary roads | W7 |
Middle Latin: | arredare | vb.trans | to array | CDC |
Portuguese: | arreiar | vb.trans | to array | CDC |
Spanish: | arrear | vb.trans | to array | CDC |
Old French: | arayer, areyer, are(i)er | vb | to array | CDC/W7 |
arei | n | rank, estate, array | MEV | |
correer | vb | to curry, prepare | W7 | |
palefrei | n.masc | steed for women | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | arayer, araier | vb.trans | to array | CDC |
Old Occitan: | aredar | vb.trans | to array | CDC |
Italian: | arredare | vb.trans | to array | CDC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
WE | = | H. Meurig Evans and W.O. Thomas: Welsh-English, English-Welsh Dictionary (1969) |