Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. rē̆k- 'to reck, reckon, arrange, prepare'
Semantic Field(s): Account, Reckoning, Ready (adj)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | racu | n.str.fem | talk, account, exposition; situation | GED |
| rēc(c)an | vb.wk | to reck | ASD/GED | |
| recenian | vb.wk | to reckon, arrange, dispose | GED | |
| Middle English: | recken | vb | to reck | W7 |
| rekenen | vb | to reckon | W7 | |
| English: | reck | vb | to care/worry (about) | AHD/W7 |
| reckless | adj | rash, wild, without care/caution | IEW/W7 | |
| reckon | vb | to count, consider | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | rek(e)nia | vb.wk | to reckon | GED |
| Old Saxon: | raka | n.str.fem | talk; situation | GED |
| rōkian | vb.wk | to reck | GED | |
| Middle Low German: | rekenen | vb.wk | to reckon | GED |
| Old High German: | rahha | n.str.fem | talk; situation | GED |
| rehhenon, rehhanōn | vb.wk | to order, direct, prepare | ASD/GED | |
| ruohha | n.fem | care | GED | |
| ruohhen | vb.wk | to reck | GED | |
| ruohian | vb | to reck | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | regin | n.neut.pl | powers, rulers, gods | LRC |
| Reginn | prop.n.masc | brother of Fafnir | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | rǫk | n.pl | fates, courses, expositions | GED |
| røkja | vb.wk | to reck | GED | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | garēhsns | n.str.fem | (fixed) time, determination; plan, design | GED |
| *rahnjan | vb.wk.I | to reckon, calculate | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | račiti | vb | to want | GED |
| rešti, rekǫ, rečeši | vb | to say, tell | LRC | |
| rokъ | n | definite time | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | racanā- | n | arrangement | GED |
| racáyati | vb | to produce | GED | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | reki, rekauna | n | word(s) | GED |
| Tocharian A: | rake | n | word | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |