Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: rep- 'to grab, rip out, ravish'
Semantic Field(s): to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of, Rape, Violation
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | refsan, ræpsan | vb | to blame, reprove | W7 |
Middle English: | rapt | adj | rapt | W7 |
rapyne | n | rapine | W7 | |
ravin | n | ravin | W7 | |
ravisshen | vb | to ravish | W7 | |
surreptitious | adj | surreptitious | W7 | |
English: | erepsin | n | mixture of peptidases | AHD/W7 |
rapacious | adj | excessively grasping/covetous | AHD/W7 | |
rapid | adj | swift, marked by fast rate | AHD/W7 | |
rapine | n | plunder, pillage | AHD/W7 | |
rapt | adj | lifted up/carried away | AHD/W7 | |
ravage | n | act/practice of plundering | AHD/W7 | |
raven | vb | to devour greedily | AHD/W7 | |
ravin | n | rapine, rapacity | AHD/W7 | |
ravish | vb.trans | to seize/take away by violence | AHD/W7 | |
subreption | n | deliberate misrepresentation | AHD/W7 | |
surreptitious | adj | clandestine, done/made/acquired by stealth | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old High German: | refsan | vb | to blame, reprove | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | eripio, eripere | vb | to sweep away | W7 |
rapax, rapācis | adj | greedy, rapacious | W7 | |
rapidus | adj | seizing, sweeping, rapid | W7 | |
rapina | n.fem | a robbing | W7 | |
rapiō, rapere | vb | to rape, seize, abduct, ravish | W7 | |
raptus | vb.ptc | taken | W7 | |
subreptio | n.fem | act of stealing | W7 | |
subreptus | vb.ptc | stolen | W7 | |
subripio, subripere | vb | to steal | W7 | |
surrepticius | adj | surreptitious | W7 | |
surreptus | vb.ptc | having snatched secretly | W7 | |
surripio, surripere | vb | to snatch secretly | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | rapire | vb | to rape, ravish | W7 |
Late Latin: | subreptio, subreptionis | n.fem | act of taking away secretly | W7 |
Old French: | ravir | vb | to ravish | ODE |
Middle French: | ravine | n.fem | rapine | W7 |
raviner | vb | to rush, take by force | W7 | |
raviss- | vb.stem | to ravish | W7 | |
French: | ravage | n.fem | devastation | W7 |
Italian: | rapire | vb | to rape, ravish | ODE |
Rumanian: | rapì | vb | to rape, ravish | ODE |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
ptc | = | participle |
stem | = | stem |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |