Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ret(h)- 'to run, roll, rotate'
Semantic Field(s): to Run, to Roll
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | rethim | vb | to run | IEW |
Middle Irish: | tōir | n.fem | act of pursuing | W7 |
Irish: | rithim | vb | to run | LRC |
roth | n.masc | wheel | IEW | |
tōraidhe | n.masc | robber, pursued man | W7 | |
Breton: | redek | vb | to run | LRC |
rod | n | wheel | LRC | |
Middle Welsh: | rhawd | n | path, course, action, running | IEW |
Welsh: | redheg | vb | to run | LRC |
rhod | n.fem | wheel | IEW | |
English | ||||
Old English: | rador, rodor | n.masc | sky, heaven, firmament | IEW |
Middle English: | controllen | vb | to control | W7 |
prouynen | vb | to prune | W7 | |
rolle | n | roll | W7 | |
round | adj | round | W7 | |
rowelle | n | rowel | W7 | |
English: | barouche | n | four-wheeled carriage | AHD/W7 |
control | vb.trans | to check/test/verify by evidence/experiments | AHD/W7 | |
gravure | n | process for producing printing plate on wood/copper | AHD/W7 | |
prune | vb | to cut off/cut back parts for better shape/more fruitful growth | AHD/W7 | |
rodeo | n | roundup | AHD/W7 | |
roll | n | scroll, written document that can be rolled up | AHD/W7 | |
roll | vb | to move/impel by turning over | W7 | |
rota | n | roster | AHD/W7 | |
rotary | adj | turning on axis like wheel | AHD/W7 | |
rotate | adj | having flat parts spreading/radiating like wheel spokes | AHD/W7 | |
rotate | vb | to revolve, turn about axis/center | AHD/W7 | |
rotiform | adj | rotate | AHD/W7 | |
rotogravure | n | process in which impression is produced by rotary press | AHD/W7 | |
rotor | n | part that rotates/revolves | LRC | |
rotund | adj | rounded, marked by roundness | AHD/W7 | |
rotunda | n | round building | AHD/W7 | |
roulette | n | gambling game involving small ball/compartmented wheel | AHD/W7 | |
round | adj | having every part of surface/circumference equidistant from center | AHD/W7 | |
rowel | n | revolving disk with sharp marginal points | AHD/W7 | |
Tory | prop.n | member/supporter of Conservative Party in U.K., Canada, etc. | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | reth | n | wheel | IEW |
Frisian: | rolje | vb | to roll | OED |
Old Dutch: | rath | n | wheel | IEW |
Middle Dutch: | rollen | vb | to roll | OED |
Dutch: | rad | n | wheel | LRC |
rondom | prep | around | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | radur | n | sky, heaven, firmament | ASD |
Low German: | rullen | vb | to roll | OED |
Old High German: | rad | n | wheel | W7 |
rado, rato | adv | fast, quickly | IEW | |
Middle High German: | rade-ber | n | wheelbarrow | CDC |
German: | Barutsche | n.fem | barouche | W7 |
Rad | n.neut | wheel | LRC | |
Radberge, Radbürge | n | wheelbarrow | CDC | |
rollen | vb | to roll | OED | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | rǫðull | n.masc | sun, halo, corona | IEW |
Danish: | rulle | vb | to roll | OED |
Swedish: | rulla | vb | to roll | OED |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *raþs | adj | light, facile, nimble | IEW |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | pango, pangere | vb | to fix, fasten | W7 |
propāgo, propāginis | n.fem | small stem/shoot (to be replanted) | W7 | |
rota | n.fem | wheel | W7 | |
roto, rotāre, rotāvī, rotātum | vb | to roll, rotate | W7 | |
rotula | n.fem.dim | small wheel | W7 | |
rotundus | adj | rotund | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | *birotium | n | barouche | AHD |
Late Latin: | birotus | adj | two-wheeled | W7 |
rotella | n.fem.dim | small wheel | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | rota | n.fem | wheel | W7 |
rotarius | adj | rotating | W7 | |
New Latin: | rotiformis | adj | wheel-shaped | W7 |
Portuguese: | rolar | vb | to roll | OED |
Spanish: | rodear | vb | to surround | W7 |
rodeo | n.masc | rodeo | W7 | |
rollar | vb | to roll | OED | |
rueda | n.fem | wheel | W7 | |
Catalan: | rotolar | vb | to roll, rotate | OED |
Old French: | preugner, prougner | vb | to prune | CDC |
provigner | vb | to propagate | CDC | |
roele | n.fem.dim | small wheel | W7 | |
roelete | n.fem.dim | small wheel | W7 | |
rolle | n.fem | wheel | W7 | |
roller, ro(u)ler | vb | to roll | OED | |
roont | adj | round | W7 | |
Middle French: | contrerolle | n.masc | audit, copy of an account | W7 |
contreroller | vb | to audit, copy an account | W7 | |
proignier | vb | to layer, reproduce vines | W7 | |
provain | n.masc | layer | W7 | |
provigner | vb | to layer, reproduce vines | W7 | |
rolle | n.masc | roll, register | W7 | |
rouelle | n.fem.dim | small wheel | W7 | |
French: | roue | n.fem | wheel | LRC |
roulette | n.fem.dim | roulette, small wheel | W7 | |
Provençal: | ro(t)lar | vb | to roll, rotate | OED |
Italian: | baròccio, biròccio | n.masc | two-wheeled cart | W7 |
rotolare | vb | to roll, rotate | OED | |
rotonda | adj | round, plump | W7 | |
ruota | n.fem | wheel | LRC | |
Rumanian: | roată | n | wheel | LRC |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | rãtas | n.masc | wheel, circle | IEW |
Latvian: | rats | n | wheel | IEW |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | raθa | n | wagon, chariot | IEW |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | rátha- | n.masc | wagon, chariot | IEW/W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prep | = | preposition |
prop | = | proper |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |