Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. reu-, reu̯ə- : rū̆-   'to open, tear out, dig/rip up, etc.'

Semantic Field(s): to Open, to Tear, to Dig, Delve

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Old English: be-rēafi(ge)an, bi-rēafian vb.wk to bereave W7
ragg n rag W7
rēaf n.neut spoil, booty ASD
rēafere, rēafigend n.masc reaver ASD
rēafian vb.wk to reave W7
rēofan vb.str to break, rive, rend ASD/IEW
rodd n rod W7
rūh adj rough, hairy, shaggy W7
Middle English: bereven vb to bereave W7
corrupt adj corrupt W7
corrupten vb to corrupt W7
garderobe n garderobe, bedroom, privy W7
interrupten vb to interrupt W7
ragge n rag W7
rapen vb to rape W7
reven vb to reave W7
ridden vb to rid, clear W7
robben vb to rob W7
robe n robe W7
robyl n rubble W7
robys n rubbish W7
rod n rod W7
rough adj rough W7
rover n rover W7
rug n rag, tuft W7
ruine n ruin W7
ruptur n rupture W7
usurpen vb to usurp W7
English: abrupt adj broken off AHD/W7
bankrupt n person whose estate is legally administered for creditors' benefit AHD/W7
bereave, bereft vb.str.trans to strip, dispossess, deprive esp. by death AHD/W7
corrugate vb to furrow, form/shape into folds/grooves/ridges/wrinkles AHD/W7
corrupt adj depraved, morally perverted AHD/W7
corrupt vb to change morals/manners/actions from good to bad AHD/W7
disrupt vb.trans to rupture, break apart AHD/W7
erupt vb to release/force out suddenly/violently AHD/W7
garderobe n wardrobe or its contents AHD/W7
interrupt vb to stop/hinder by breaking in AHD/W7
irrupt vb.intrans to rush in forcibly/violently AHD/W7
loot n spoils, goods taken in war AHD/W7
rabble n iron bar with end bent for use in puddling iron AHD/W7
rag n waste piece of cloth AHD/W7
rape vb.trans to seize, plunder W7
reave vb to rob, spoil, plunder AHD/W7
reaver n rover, robber, spoiler LRC
rid, rid vb.trans to save, rescue; relieve; disencumber AHD/W7
rip vb to split open, tear apart AHD/W7
rob vb to steal from, take something by force/threat AHD/W7
robe n long flowing outer garment AHD/W7
rod n slender straight stick on/from tree/bush AHD/W7
rough adj coarse, marked by ridges/projections/imperfections on surface AHD/W7
rout n state of wild confusion/disorderly retreat AHD/W7
rover n pirate, plunderer AHD/W7
ruana n poncho, poncho-like garment AHD
rubato n speed fluctuation within musical phrase AHD/W7
rubbish n trash, useless waste IEW/W7
rubble n rough stone from quarry IEW/W7
ruble n unit of Russian currency AHD/W7
rug n thick heavy fabric used as floor covering AHD/W7
ruga n visceral fold/wrinkle AHD/W7
rugose adj full of wrinkles AHD/W7
ruin n collapse, downfall AHD/W7
rupicolous adj living among/inhabiting/growing on rocks AHD/W7
rupture n breach of peace/concord AHD/W7
usurp vb to seize by force, hold without right AHD/W7
West Germanic  
Old Frisian: rāf n booty, robbery; pledge ASD
rāvia vb to reave ASD
Old Dutch: roof n spoils, booty, plunder ASD
rouw, rū(gh) adj rough, hairy, shaggy ASD
rōven vb to reave ASD
Middle Dutch: roven vb to reave W7
rover n rover W7
Flemish: rippen vb to strip off roughly W7
Old Saxon: nōd-rōf n rapine ASD
Old High German: roub n spoils, booty, plunder ASD
roubari n robber ASD
roubōn vb to rob W7
rūh adj rough, hairy, shaggy, bristly ASD
German: Bankrott n.masc bankrupt LRC
Raub n.masc robbery LRC
rauben vb to rob LRC
Räuber n.masc robber ASD
North Germanic  
Old Norse: rudda n club W7
ryðja vb to clear W7
rögg n tuft, shagginess W7
Icelandic: raufa vb to reave ASD
raufari, reyfari n reaver ASD
rjúfa vb to break, rip up ASD
val-rauf n spoils taken from the slain ASD
East Germanic  
Gothic: bi-raubon vb to rob ASD
Italic  
Latin: abrumpo, abrumpere vb to break off W7
abruptus vb.ptc steep, abrupt W7
corrugatus vb.ptc wrinkled, corrugated W7
corrugo, corrugāre vb to wrinkle, corrugate W7
corrumpo, corrumpere vb to corrupt, break to pieces W7
corruptus vb.ptc corrupt, broken to pieces W7
disrumpo, disrumpere vb to break, disrupt W7
disruptus vb.ptc broken, disrupted W7
erumpo, erumpere vb to erupt, burst forth W7
eruptus vb.ptc erupted, burst forth W7
interrumpo, interrumpere vb to interrupt W7
interruptus vb.ptc interrupted W7
irrumpo, irrumpere vb to interrupt, break in W7
irruptus vb.ptc irrupted, broken in W7
rapiō, rapere vb to rape, ravish W7
ruere vb to rush, fall, dig up W7
ruga n.fem wrinkle W7
rugosus adj harsh W7
ruina n.fem ruin, destruction W7
rumpō, rumpere, rūpī, ruptus vb to break LRC
ruo, ruere vb to rush, hasten; collapse, hurl down W7
rupes n.fem rock W7
ruptura n.fem rupture, fracture W7
rutabulum n.neut rabble, spatule W7
rutus vb.ptc dug up W7
usu n.masc.abl by virtue of usage W7
usurpo, usurpare vb to possess by usage W7
usus n.masc use, usage W7
Medieval Latin: rotabulum n.neut rabble, spatule W7
New Latin: ruga n.fem wrinkle W7
Portuguese: rua n street TLL
Old North French: warderobe n.fem wardrobe W7
Middle French: banqueroute n.fem bankruptcy W7
corrupt adj corrupt W7
ruine n.fem ruin, destruction W7
rupture n.fem rupture, fracture W7
usurper vb to usurp W7
French: banqueroute n bankrupt AHD
corrompu adj corrupt TLL
râble n.masc fire shovel W7
rue n.fem street TLL
Old Italian: bancarotta n.fem bankruptcy W7
rotta adj.fem broken W7
Italian: bancarotta n bankrupt, lit. broken counter AHD
rompere vb to break AHD
Slavic  
Russian: rubl n ruble W7
Hellenic  
Greek: oryssein vb to dig W7
Indic  
Sanskrit: ravate vb to break up W7
luṇṭati vb to rob W7
loptram n loot, booty AHD
Hindi: lūṭ n loot, spoils W7

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
abl=ablative (case)
adj=adjective
fem=feminine (gender)
intrans=intransitive
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
ptc=participle
str=strong (inflection)
trans=transitive
vb=verb
wk=weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW=Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL=Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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