Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. reu-, reu̯ə- : rū̆- 'to open, tear out, dig/rip up, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): to Open, to Tear, to Dig, Delve
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | be-rēafi(ge)an, bi-rēafian | vb.wk | to bereave | W7 |
| ragg | n | rag | W7 | |
| rēaf | n.neut | spoil, booty | ASD | |
| rēafere, rēafigend | n.masc | reaver | ASD | |
| rēafian | vb.wk | to reave | W7 | |
| rēofan | vb.str | to break, rive, rend | ASD/IEW | |
| rodd | n | rod | W7 | |
| rūh | adj | rough, hairy, shaggy | W7 | |
| Middle English: | bereven | vb | to bereave | W7 |
| corrupt | adj | corrupt | W7 | |
| corrupten | vb | to corrupt | W7 | |
| garderobe | n | garderobe, bedroom, privy | W7 | |
| interrupten | vb | to interrupt | W7 | |
| ragge | n | rag | W7 | |
| rapen | vb | to rape | W7 | |
| reven | vb | to reave | W7 | |
| ridden | vb | to rid, clear | W7 | |
| robben | vb | to rob | W7 | |
| robe | n | robe | W7 | |
| robyl | n | rubble | W7 | |
| robys | n | rubbish | W7 | |
| rod | n | rod | W7 | |
| rough | adj | rough | W7 | |
| rover | n | rover | W7 | |
| rug | n | rag, tuft | W7 | |
| ruine | n | ruin | W7 | |
| ruptur | n | rupture | W7 | |
| usurpen | vb | to usurp | W7 | |
| English: | abrupt | adj | broken off | AHD/W7 |
| bankrupt | n | person whose estate is legally administered for creditors' benefit | AHD/W7 | |
| bereave, bereft | vb.str.trans | to strip, dispossess, deprive esp. by death | AHD/W7 | |
| corrugate | vb | to furrow, form/shape into folds/grooves/ridges/wrinkles | AHD/W7 | |
| corrupt | adj | depraved, morally perverted | AHD/W7 | |
| corrupt | vb | to change morals/manners/actions from good to bad | AHD/W7 | |
| disrupt | vb.trans | to rupture, break apart | AHD/W7 | |
| erupt | vb | to release/force out suddenly/violently | AHD/W7 | |
| garderobe | n | wardrobe or its contents | AHD/W7 | |
| interrupt | vb | to stop/hinder by breaking in | AHD/W7 | |
| irrupt | vb.intrans | to rush in forcibly/violently | AHD/W7 | |
| loot | n | spoils, goods taken in war | AHD/W7 | |
| rabble | n | iron bar with end bent for use in puddling iron | AHD/W7 | |
| rag | n | waste piece of cloth | AHD/W7 | |
| rape | vb.trans | to seize, plunder | W7 | |
| reave | vb | to rob, spoil, plunder | AHD/W7 | |
| reaver | n | rover, robber, spoiler | LRC | |
| rid, rid | vb.trans | to save, rescue; relieve; disencumber | AHD/W7 | |
| rip | vb | to split open, tear apart | AHD/W7 | |
| rob | vb | to steal from, take something by force/threat | AHD/W7 | |
| robe | n | long flowing outer garment | AHD/W7 | |
| rod | n | slender straight stick on/from tree/bush | AHD/W7 | |
| rough | adj | coarse, marked by ridges/projections/imperfections on surface | AHD/W7 | |
| rout | n | state of wild confusion/disorderly retreat | AHD/W7 | |
| rover | n | pirate, plunderer | AHD/W7 | |
| ruana | n | poncho, poncho-like garment | AHD | |
| rubato | n | speed fluctuation within musical phrase | AHD/W7 | |
| rubbish | n | trash, useless waste | IEW/W7 | |
| rubble | n | rough stone from quarry | IEW/W7 | |
| ruble | n | unit of Russian currency | AHD/W7 | |
| rug | n | thick heavy fabric used as floor covering | AHD/W7 | |
| ruga | n | visceral fold/wrinkle | AHD/W7 | |
| rugose | adj | full of wrinkles | AHD/W7 | |
| ruin | n | collapse, downfall | AHD/W7 | |
| rupicolous | adj | living among/inhabiting/growing on rocks | AHD/W7 | |
| rupture | n | breach of peace/concord | AHD/W7 | |
| usurp | vb | to seize by force, hold without right | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | rāf | n | booty, robbery; pledge | ASD |
| rāvia | vb | to reave | ASD | |
| Old Dutch: | roof | n | spoils, booty, plunder | ASD |
| rouw, rū(gh) | adj | rough, hairy, shaggy | ASD | |
| rōven | vb | to reave | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | roven | vb | to reave | W7 |
| rover | n | rover | W7 | |
| Flemish: | rippen | vb | to strip off roughly | W7 |
| Old Saxon: | nōd-rōf | n | rapine | ASD |
| Old High German: | roub | n | spoils, booty, plunder | ASD |
| roubari | n | robber | ASD | |
| roubōn | vb | to rob | W7 | |
| rūh | adj | rough, hairy, shaggy, bristly | ASD | |
| German: | Bankrott | n.masc | bankrupt | LRC |
| Raub | n.masc | robbery | LRC | |
| rauben | vb | to rob | LRC | |
| Räuber | n.masc | robber | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | rudda | n | club | W7 |
| ryðja | vb | to clear | W7 | |
| rögg | n | tuft, shagginess | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | raufa | vb | to reave | ASD |
| raufari, reyfari | n | reaver | ASD | |
| rjúfa | vb | to break, rip up | ASD | |
| val-rauf | n | spoils taken from the slain | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | bi-raubon | vb | to rob | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | abrumpo, abrumpere | vb | to break off | W7 |
| abruptus | vb.ptc | steep, abrupt | W7 | |
| corrugatus | vb.ptc | wrinkled, corrugated | W7 | |
| corrugo, corrugāre | vb | to wrinkle, corrugate | W7 | |
| corrumpo, corrumpere | vb | to corrupt, break to pieces | W7 | |
| corruptus | vb.ptc | corrupt, broken to pieces | W7 | |
| disrumpo, disrumpere | vb | to break, disrupt | W7 | |
| disruptus | vb.ptc | broken, disrupted | W7 | |
| erumpo, erumpere | vb | to erupt, burst forth | W7 | |
| eruptus | vb.ptc | erupted, burst forth | W7 | |
| interrumpo, interrumpere | vb | to interrupt | W7 | |
| interruptus | vb.ptc | interrupted | W7 | |
| irrumpo, irrumpere | vb | to interrupt, break in | W7 | |
| irruptus | vb.ptc | irrupted, broken in | W7 | |
| rapiō, rapere | vb | to rape, ravish | W7 | |
| ruere | vb | to rush, fall, dig up | W7 | |
| ruga | n.fem | wrinkle | W7 | |
| rugosus | adj | harsh | W7 | |
| ruina | n.fem | ruin, destruction | W7 | |
| rumpō, rumpere, rūpī, ruptus | vb | to break | LRC | |
| ruo, ruere | vb | to rush, hasten; collapse, hurl down | W7 | |
| rupes | n.fem | rock | W7 | |
| ruptura | n.fem | rupture, fracture | W7 | |
| rutabulum | n.neut | rabble, spatule | W7 | |
| rutus | vb.ptc | dug up | W7 | |
| usu | n.masc.abl | by virtue of usage | W7 | |
| usurpo, usurpare | vb | to possess by usage | W7 | |
| usus | n.masc | use, usage | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | rotabulum | n.neut | rabble, spatule | W7 |
| New Latin: | ruga | n.fem | wrinkle | W7 |
| Portuguese: | rua | n | street | TLL |
| Old North French: | warderobe | n.fem | wardrobe | W7 |
| Middle French: | banqueroute | n.fem | bankruptcy | W7 |
| corrupt | adj | corrupt | W7 | |
| ruine | n.fem | ruin, destruction | W7 | |
| rupture | n.fem | rupture, fracture | W7 | |
| usurper | vb | to usurp | W7 | |
| French: | banqueroute | n | bankrupt | AHD |
| corrompu | adj | corrupt | TLL | |
| râble | n.masc | fire shovel | W7 | |
| rue | n.fem | street | TLL | |
| Old Italian: | bancarotta | n.fem | bankruptcy | W7 |
| rotta | adj.fem | broken | W7 | |
| Italian: | bancarotta | n | bankrupt, lit. broken counter | AHD |
| rompere | vb | to break | AHD | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Russian: | rubl | n | ruble | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | oryssein | vb | to dig | W7 |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ravate | vb | to break up | W7 |
| luṇṭati | vb | to rob | W7 | |
| loptram | n | loot, booty | AHD | |
| Hindi: | lūṭ | n | loot, spoils | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| abl | = | ablative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |