Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: reu̯ə- : rū- 'to ream, open; wide, roomy'
Semantic Field(s): to Open, Wide, Broad
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | rēman | vb | to ream | W7 |
rūm | adj | roomy | LRC | |
rūm | n.masc | room; time | ASD | |
rȳman | vb.wk | to make room | ASD | |
Middle English: | remen | vb | to open up | W7 |
room | n | room | W7 | |
rural | adj | rural | W7 | |
rustik | adj | rustic | W7 | |
English: | lebensraum | n | lit. living space | AHD/W7 |
ream | vb.trans | to countersink, widen opening of | AHD/W7 | |
room | n | space, unoccupied area | AHD/W7 | |
roomy | adj | open, spacious | LRC | |
rummage | n | thorough search | AHD/W7 | |
rural | adj | re: country (life/people), agriculture | AHD/W7 | |
rustic | adj | rural, re: countryside | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | rēma | vb | to make room | ASD |
rūm | adj | roomy | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | rūm | n | room | ASD |
rūmian | vb | to make room | ASD | |
Old High German: | rūm | n | room | W7 |
rūmi | adj | roomy | ASD | |
rūmman | vb | to make room | ASD | |
German: | Lebensraum | n.masc | lebensraum | W7 |
Raum | n.masc | room, space | W7 | |
räumen | vb | to vacate, make room | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | rúm | n.neut | room; seat, bed | LRC |
Icelandic: | rūmr | adj | roomy | ASD |
rȳma | vb | to make room; quit, leave | ASD | |
Swedish: | rum | n | room | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | rūms | adj | roomy | ASD |
rūms | n.str.masc | room | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | ruralis | adj | rural | W7 |
rūs, rūris | n.neut | countryside, open land | W7 | |
rusticus | adj | rustic | W7 | |
Middle French: | arrimage | n.masc | packing/fastening tight | W7 |
rural | adj | rural | W7 | |
rustique | adj | rustic | W7 | |
French: | rue | n | street | TLL |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |