Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sap-, sab- 'to taste, savvy, perceive'
Semantic Field(s): to Taste (subj), to Taste (obj), to Sense, Perceive; Sense
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | mōd-sefa | n.wk.masc | mind, spirit | LRC |
sæp | n.neut | sap | ASD | |
sefa | n.wk.masc | mind, understanding | ASD | |
Middle English: | sage | adj | sage | W7 |
sap | n | sap | W7 | |
sapient | adj | sapient | W7 | |
sapor | n | sapor | W7 | |
savor | n | savor | W7 | |
English: | insipid | adj | tasteless, lacking taste/savor | AHD/W7 |
sabayon | n | zabaglione | AHD | |
sage | adj | wise through reflection/experience | AHD/W7 | |
sap | n | fluid part of plant | AHD/W7 | |
sapid | adj | tasty, possessing flavor, affecting organs of taste | AHD/W7 | |
sapient | adj | sage, discerning, knowledgeable | AHD/W7 | |
sapor | n | savor, flavor, property affecting sense of taste | AHD/W7 | |
savant | n | man of learning | AHD/W7 | |
savor | n | taste, smell | AHD/W7 | |
savvy | vb | to understand, comprehend | AHD/W7 | |
zabaglione | n | sauce/dessert of wine/sugar/egg yolk | AHD | |
zaftig | adj | plump, shapely, full-bosomed | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | sap | n | sap | CDC |
Old Saxon: | mōd-seƀo | n | mind, spirit | ASD |
Middle Low German: | sap | n | sap | CDC |
Low German: | sapp | n | sap | CDC |
Old High German: | saf, saph | n.masc | sap, juice | ASD/CDC |
Middle High German: | saf | n | sap | CDC |
saft | n | juice | AHD | |
saftec | adj | juicy | AHD | |
German: | Saft | n.masc | sap, juice, syrup | CDC |
Yiddish: | zaftik | adj | juicy, zaftig | AHD |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | móð-sefi | n | mind, spirit | ASD |
safi | n.masc | sap | ASD | |
Danish: | saft | n | sap, juice | CDC |
Swedish: | saft | n | sap, juice | CDC |
Italic | ||||
Oscan: | sipus | adj | sapient, knowing | W7 |
Latin: | sapa | n.fem | boiled must/new wine | CDC |
sapidus | adj | sapid | W7 | |
sapiens, sapientis | adj/vb.ptc | tasting; knowing | W7 | |
sapio, sapere | vb | to taste; be wise | W7 | |
sapor | n.masc | sapor | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | sapius | adj | wise | W7 |
Late Latin: | insipidus | adj | tasteless | W7 |
Portuguese: | saber | vb | to know, savvy | TLL |
sabor | n | savor | TLL | |
seiva | n | sap, juice | CDC | |
Spanish: | saber | vb | to know, savvy | W7 |
sab(i)a | n | sap, juice | CDC | |
sabor | n | savor | TLL | |
Old French: | sage | adj | sage | W7 |
savor | n.fem | savor | W7 | |
Middle French: | sapient | adj | sapient | W7 |
French: | insipide | adj | insipid | W7 |
saber | vb | to yield sap | CDC | |
savant | adj | sapient | W7 | |
saveur | n | savor | TLL | |
savoir | n.masc | knowledge | W7 | |
savoir | vb | to know, savvy | W7 | |
séve, sèpe, sive | n | sap, juice | CDC | |
Provençal: | saba | n | sap, juice | CDC |
Italian: | sapere | vb | to know, savvy | TLL |
sapore | n | savor | TLL | |
zabaione | n | zabaglione | AHD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
ptc | = | participle |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |