Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sap-, sab- 'to taste, savvy, perceive'
Semantic Field(s): to Taste (subj), to Taste (obj), to Sense, Perceive; Sense
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | mōd-sefa | n.wk.masc | mind, spirit | LRC | 
| sæp | n.neut | sap | ASD | |
| sefa | n.wk.masc | mind, understanding | ASD | |
| Middle English: | sage | adj | sage | W7 | 
| sap | n | sap | W7 | |
| sapient | adj | sapient | W7 | |
| sapor | n | sapor | W7 | |
| savor | n | savor | W7 | |
| English: | insipid | adj | tasteless, lacking taste/savor | AHD/W7 | 
| sabayon | n | zabaglione | AHD | |
| sage | adj | wise through reflection/experience | AHD/W7 | |
| sap | n | fluid part of plant | AHD/W7 | |
| sapid | adj | tasty, possessing flavor, affecting organs of taste | AHD/W7 | |
| sapient | adj | sage, discerning, knowledgeable | AHD/W7 | |
| sapor | n | savor, flavor, property affecting sense of taste | AHD/W7 | |
| savant | n | man of learning | AHD/W7 | |
| savor | n | taste, smell | AHD/W7 | |
| savvy | vb | to understand, comprehend | AHD/W7 | |
| zabaglione | n | sauce/dessert of wine/sugar/egg yolk | AHD | |
| zaftig | adj | plump, shapely, full-bosomed | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | sap | n | sap | CDC | 
| Old Saxon: | mōd-seƀo | n | mind, spirit | ASD | 
| Middle Low German: | sap | n | sap | CDC | 
| Low German: | sapp | n | sap | CDC | 
| Old High German: | saf, saph | n.masc | sap, juice | ASD/CDC | 
| Middle High German: | saf | n | sap | CDC | 
| saft | n | juice | AHD | |
| saftec | adj | juicy | AHD | |
| German: | Saft | n.masc | sap, juice, syrup | CDC | 
| Yiddish: | zaftik | adj | juicy, zaftig | AHD | 
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | móð-sefi | n | mind, spirit | ASD | 
| safi | n.masc | sap | ASD | |
| Danish: | saft | n | sap, juice | CDC | 
| Swedish: | saft | n | sap, juice | CDC | 
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | sipus | adj | sapient, knowing | W7 | 
| Latin: | sapa | n.fem | boiled must/new wine | CDC | 
| sapidus | adj | sapid | W7 | |
| sapiens, sapientis | adj/vb.ptc | tasting; knowing | W7 | |
| sapio, sapere | vb | to taste; be wise | W7 | |
| sapor | n.masc | sapor | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | sapius | adj | wise | W7 | 
| Late Latin: | insipidus | adj | tasteless | W7 | 
| Portuguese: | saber | vb | to know, savvy | TLL | 
| sabor | n | savor | TLL | |
| seiva | n | sap, juice | CDC | |
| Spanish: | saber | vb | to know, savvy | W7 | 
| sab(i)a | n | sap, juice | CDC | |
| sabor | n | savor | TLL | |
| Old French: | sage | adj | sage | W7 | 
| savor | n.fem | savor | W7 | |
| Middle French: | sapient | adj | sapient | W7 | 
| French: | insipide | adj | insipid | W7 | 
| saber | vb | to yield sap | CDC | |
| savant | adj | sapient | W7 | |
| saveur | n | savor | TLL | |
| savoir | n.masc | knowledge | W7 | |
| savoir | vb | to know, savvy | W7 | |
| séve, sèpe, sive | n | sap, juice | CDC | |
| Provençal: | saba | n | sap, juice | CDC | 
| Italian: | sapere | vb | to know, savvy | TLL | 
| sapore | n | savor | TLL | |
| zabaione | n | zabaglione | AHD | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective | 
| fem | = | feminine (gender) | 
| masc | = | masculine (gender) | 
| n | = | noun | 
| neut | = | neuter (gender) | 
| ptc | = | participle | 
| vb | = | verb | 
| wk | = | weak (inflection) | 
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) | 
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) | 
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) | 
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin | 
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) | 
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) | 
