Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. sē̆k- 'to cut, section, dissect'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | saga, sagu | n.masc/fem | saw | ASD |
seax | n.neut | knife, cutting tool | ASD | |
Seaxe, Seaxan | prop.n | Saxon(s) | ASD | |
secg | n.masc/neut | sedge | ASD | |
segl, s(w)egel | n | sail; veil, curtain | ASD/IEW | |
segl(i)an, seglode, seglod | vb.wk.II | to sail | ASD | |
sicol | n.masc | sickle | ASD | |
sīþe | n.masc | scythe | W7 | |
Middle English: | sail | n | sail | W7 |
sawe | n | saw | W7 | |
sax | n | zax, knife | AHD | |
Saxon | n | Saxon | W7 | |
segge | n | sedge | W7 | |
sikel | n | sickle | W7 | |
sithe | n | scythe | W7 | |
English: | dissect | vb | to separate into pieces | AHD/W7 |
insect | n | small segmented invertebrate animal | AHD/W7 | |
intersect | vb | to cross, pierce/divide | AHD/W7 | |
Irensaga | prop.n | mountain in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
resect | vb.trans | to perform resection on | AHD/W7 | |
sail | n | fabric deflecting wind to propel boat/ship | W7 | |
sail | vb | to travel on water using sail | W7 | |
saw | n | toothed blade for cutting hard materials | AHD/W7 | |
saw | vb | to cut with saw | W7 | |
sawn | vb.past.ptc | sawed | LRC | |
saxatile | adj | saxicolous | AHD/W7 | |
saxicolous | adj | inhabiting/growing among rocks | AHD/W7 | |
Saxon | prop.n | member of tribe from Saxony | LRC | |
scythe | n | long curved blade (on long handle) used for mowing | AHD/W7 | |
secant | n | straight line intersecting curve at multiple points | AHD/W7 | |
-sect | adj.sfx | cut, divided | AHD/W7 | |
-sect | vb.sfx | to cut, divide | AHD/W7 | |
sectile | adj | able to be severed by knife with smooth cut | AHD/W7 | |
section | n | action/instance of cutting/separating | AHD/W7 | |
section | vb | to cut/separate into sections | W7 | |
sector | n | geometrical figure: two radii + included arc of circle | AHD/W7 | |
sedge | n | tufted marsh plant | AHD/W7 | |
seecatch | n | adult male Alaskan fur seal | AHD | |
segment | n | piece, portion, fragment | AHD/W7 | |
Sickle | prop.n | Ursa Major in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
sickle | n | curved metal blade (on short handle) | AHD/W7 | |
transect | vb | to cut transversely | AHD/W7 | |
zax | n | roof slate cutting tool | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | zeil | n | sail | TLL |
Old High German: | Sahsun | prop.n | Saxon(s) | ASD |
sega, saga | n.fem | saw | ASD/W7 | |
segal | n | sail | IEW | |
segelen | vb | to sail | ASD | |
sichila, sihhila | n.fem | sickle | ASD/W7 | |
Middle High German: | segge | n | sedge | W7 |
German: | Säge | n.fem | saw | LRC |
sagen | vb | to saw | LRC | |
Segel | n.neut | sail | LRC | |
segeln | vb | to sail | LRC | |
Segge | n.fem | sedge | LRC | |
Sichel | n.fem | sickle | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | segl | n | sail | IEW |
Icelandic: | Saxar | prop.n | Saxon(s) | ASD |
segl | n.neut | sail | ASD | |
sigd | n | sickle | ASD | |
sigðr | n.masc | scythe | ASD | |
sigla | vb | to sail | ASD | |
sög | n.fem | saw | ASD | |
Danish: | sejl | n | sail | TLL |
Swedish: | segel | n | sail | TLL |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | disseco, dissecāre | vb | to cut apart | W7 |
dissectus | vb.ptc | cut apart | W7 | |
inseco, insecare | vb | to cut into | W7 | |
insectus | vb.ptc | cut into | W7 | |
interseco, intersecare | vb | to cut at intervals | W7 | |
intersectus | vb.ptc | cut at intervals | W7 | |
reseco, resecare | vb | to cut off | W7 | |
resectus | vb.ptc | cut off | W7 | |
saxatillis | adj | saxatile | W7 | |
saxum | n.neut | rock | W7 | |
secans | adj/vb.ptc | cutting | W7 | |
seco, secare, secui, sectum | vb | to cut, wound, injure | W7 | |
sectilis | adj | that can be separated | W7 | |
sectio, sectionis | n.fem | section, act/result of cutting | W7 | |
sector | n.masc | cutter | W7 | |
secula | n.fem | sickle | W7 | |
segmentum | n.neut | segment | W7 | |
signum, signi | n.neut | sign | LRC | |
New Latin: | secans, secantis | adj/vb.ptc | secant | W7 |
Slavic | ||||
Russian: | sekach | n | seecatch | AHD |
sech' | vb | to cut | AHD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
II | = | class 2 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
past | = | past (tense) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
sfx | = | suffix |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |