Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: septm̥ 'seven'
Semantic Field(s): Number
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | secht | nbr.card | seven (7) | EIE |
sechtmad | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE | |
Irish: | seacht | nbr.card | seven (7) | LRC |
Scots Gaelic: | seachd | nbr.card | seven (7) | LRC |
Manx: | shiaght | nbr.card | seven (7) | LRC |
Middle Welsh: | seith | nbr.card | seven (7) | EIE |
Welsh: | seithfed | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE |
English | ||||
Old English: | hundseofontig | nbr.card | hundred seventy (170) | W7 |
seofon, syfon | nbr.card | seven (7) | ASD/W7 | |
seofontig | nbr.card | seventy (70) | W7 | |
siofþa, siofoða | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE | |
Middle English: | Septembre | prop.n | September | W7 |
seven | nbr.card | seven | W7 | |
seventy | nbr.card | seventy | W7 | |
English: | hebdomad | n | group of seven | AHD/W7 |
hept(a)- | pfx | seven | AHD | |
heptad | n | group of seven | AHD/W7 | |
Heptateuch | prop.n | first 7 books of Hebrew Bible, lit. seven containers | LRC | |
September | prop.n | 9th month (in Gregorian calendar) | AHD/W7 | |
septennial | adj | (happening) every 7 years | AHD/W7 | |
septet | n | music for 7 voices/instruments | AHD/W7 | |
septuple | adj | having 7 units/members | AHD | |
seven | nbr.card | 7 | AHD/W7 | |
seventh | nbr.ord | 7th | LRC | |
seventy | nbr.card | 70 | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | saven, sigun | nbr.card | seven (7) | |
Old Saxon: | siƀun | nbr.card | seven (7) | |
Old High German: | sibun | nbr.card | seven | W7 |
sibunto | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE | |
German: | September | prop.n | September | LRC |
Septett | n.neut | septet | W7 | |
sieben | nbr.card | seven (7) | LRC | |
siebter | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | LRC | |
siebzig | nbr.card | seventy (70) | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | sjō | nbr.card | seven (7) | EIE |
sjōndi | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE | |
Icelandic: | sjau | nbr.card | seven (7) | |
Swedish: | sju | nbr.card | seven (7) | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | sibun | nbr.card | seven | LRC |
Crimean Gothic: | *sevene, seuene | nbr.card | seven (7) | CGo |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | septem | nbr.card | seven | W7 |
September | prop.n.masc | September, seventh month (in Roman calendar) | W7 | |
septimus | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE | |
Portuguese: | sete | nbr.card | seven (7) | TLL |
Spanish: | siete | nbr.card | seven (7) | TLL |
Old French: | Septembre | n.masc | September | W7 |
French: | sept | nbr.card | seven (7) | TLL |
Italian: | sette | nbr.card | seven (7) | TLL |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | sepmas | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE |
Lithuanian: | septiñtas, septintà | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | LRC |
septynì | nbr.card | seven (7) | EIE | |
Latvian: | septîtais | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | sedmĭ | nbr.card | seven (7) | EIE |
sedmyi, sedmoje, sedmaja | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | LRC | |
Russian: | semĭ | nbr.card | seven (7) | EIE |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | sh(ë)tatë | nbr.card | seven (7) | EIE |
shtatë | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | ἑβδόματος, ἕβδομος | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | LRC |
ἑπτά | nbr.card | seven (7) | LRC | |
ἕπταχα | adj | in seven parts | LRC | |
Greek: | hebdomas | n.fem | (group of) seven | W7 |
heptad- | stem | group of seven | W7 | |
heptas | n.fem | group of seven | W7 | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | sapta- | pfx.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE |
sipta- | nbr.card | seven (7) | EIE | |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | ewt'n | nbr.card | seven (7) | EIE |
Iranian | ||||
Middle Persian: | haftom | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE |
Avestan: | hapta | nbr.card | seven (7) | EIE |
haptaθa- | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | saptá | nbr.card | seven (7) | EIE |
saptamá-, saptátha- | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | ṣukt | nbr.card | seven (7) | EIE |
ṣuktante | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE | |
Tocharian A: | ṣäptänt | nbr.ord | seventh (7th) | EIE |
ṣpät | nbr.card | seven (7) | EIE |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
card | = | cardinal |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
nbr | = | number |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
ord | = | ordinal |
pfx | = | prefix |
prop | = | proper |
stem | = | stem |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
EIE | = | J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |