Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. seu-, seu̯ə- : sū- 'sop, soup, juice, liquid'
Semantic Field(s): to Drink, to Flow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | súgid | vb | to suck | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sēaw | n.neut | juice, liquid | RPN |
| sīcan, sȳcan | vb.wk | to suckle | ASD | |
| socian | vb.wk | to soak | ASD | |
| sol | n.neut | mud, mire, slime | IEW | |
| Sol-mōnaþ | prop.n.masc | February, lit. mire-month | ASD | |
| sopp(e) | n | sop | ASD/W7 | |
| sūcan, sūgan | vb.str | to suck | ASD/RPN | |
| sūpan, suppan | vb.str | to sup, sip, taste, swallow | ASD/RPN | |
| Middle English: | sippen | vb | to sip | W7 |
| soken | vb | to soak | W7 | |
| soppe | n | sop | W7 | |
| souken | vb | to suck | W7 | |
| soupen | vb | to sip, sup | W7 | |
| suppen | vb | to sup | W7 | |
| English: | hyetal | adj | re: rain, rainy region | AHD |
| isohyet | n | line on map/chart separating different rainfall areas | AHD/W7 | |
| prosciutto | n | aged dry-cured spiced ham | AHD | |
| sip | vb | to take small drink/draft | AHD/W7 | |
| soak | vb | to steep in liquid | AHD/W7 | |
| soggy | adj | wet, soaked, sodden, waterlogged | W7 | |
| So(l)math | prop.n | Shire calendar's February in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| sop | n | food dipped/steeped in liquid | AHD/W7 | |
| sopaipilla | n | crisp puffy deep-fried pastry | AHD | |
| soup | n | liquid food | AHD/W7 | |
| soup | vb.trans | to increase power/efficiency of | AHD/W7 | |
| succulent | adj | juicy, full of juice | AHD/W7 | |
| suck | vb | to draw (liquid) into mouth | AHD/W7 | |
| suckle | vb | to nurse, give suck | W7 | |
| suction | n | sucking | AHD/W7 | |
| suctorial | adj | adapted for sucking | AHD/W7 | |
| sup | vb | to take/drink in gulps/swallows | AHD/W7 | |
| sup | vb.intrans | to eat supper | AHD/W7 | |
| supper | n | dinner, evening meal | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | zuigen | vb | to suck | LRC |
| zuipen | vb | to sup, drink, quaff | ASD | |
| Middle Low German: | sane | n | cream | LRC |
| Low German: | sippen | vb | to sip | W7 |
| Old High German: | sol | n | mire | ASD |
| sou | n.neut | juice; drug, potion | ASD | |
| sūfan | vb | to sup, sip, drink, gulp down | RPN | |
| sūgan | vb | to suck | RPN | |
| German: | Sahne | n.fem | cream | LRC |
| saufen | vb | to sup, drink | ASD | |
| säugen | vb | to suckle | TLL | |
| saugen | vb | to suck, absorb | LRC | |
| süffeln | vb | to sip | LRC | |
| Suppe | n.fem | soup | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | soppa | n | sop, soup | W7 |
| Old Icelandic: | súga | vb | to suck | RPN |
| súpa | vb | to sup, sip, drink | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | saggi | n.masc | moistness | ASD |
| s(j)ūga | vb | to suck | ASD | |
| soppa | n | sop | ASD | |
| söggr | adj | dank, soggy | ASD | |
| Danish: | suge | vb | to suck | LRC |
| Swedish: | suga | vb | to suck | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | sagīmen | n | fat, lard | LRC |
| sagīna | n.fem | fat, stuffing, fattening | CLD | |
| suculentus | vb.ptc | succulent | W7 | |
| sūcus | n.masc | sap, juice | RPN | |
| sūgō, sūgere | vb | to suck | RPN | |
| Late Latin: | suctio, suctionis | n.fem | suction | W7 |
| New Latin: | suctorius | adj | suctorial | W7 |
| Old French: | saim | n | fat | LRC |
| sain | n | fat | LRC | |
| soupe | n.fem | sop, soup | W7 | |
| souper | n.masc | supper | W7 | |
| Italian: | prosciutto | n | prosciutto | AHD |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | sъsǫ, sъsati | vb | to suck | RPN |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | shí | n.masc | rain | IEW |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ὑετός | n | rain, shower | LRC |
| ὕω | vb | to rain | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |