Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. seu-, seu̯ə- : sū- 'sop, soup, juice, liquid'
Semantic Field(s): to Drink, to Flow
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | súgid | vb | to suck | RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | sēaw | n.neut | juice, liquid | RPN |
sīcan, sȳcan | vb.wk | to suckle | ASD | |
socian | vb.wk | to soak | ASD | |
sol | n.neut | mud, mire, slime | IEW | |
Sol-mōnaþ | prop.n.masc | February, lit. mire-month | ASD | |
sopp(e) | n | sop | ASD/W7 | |
sūcan, sūgan | vb.str | to suck | ASD/RPN | |
sūpan, suppan | vb.str | to sup, sip, taste, swallow | ASD/RPN | |
Middle English: | sippen | vb | to sip | W7 |
soken | vb | to soak | W7 | |
soppe | n | sop | W7 | |
souken | vb | to suck | W7 | |
soupen | vb | to sip, sup | W7 | |
suppen | vb | to sup | W7 | |
English: | hyetal | adj | re: rain, rainy region | AHD |
isohyet | n | line on map/chart separating different rainfall areas | AHD/W7 | |
prosciutto | n | aged dry-cured spiced ham | AHD | |
sip | vb | to take small drink/draft | AHD/W7 | |
soak | vb | to steep in liquid | AHD/W7 | |
soggy | adj | wet, soaked, sodden, waterlogged | W7 | |
So(l)math | prop.n | Shire calendar's February in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
sop | n | food dipped/steeped in liquid | AHD/W7 | |
sopaipilla | n | crisp puffy deep-fried pastry | AHD | |
soup | n | liquid food | AHD/W7 | |
soup | vb.trans | to increase power/efficiency of | AHD/W7 | |
succulent | adj | juicy, full of juice | AHD/W7 | |
suck | vb | to draw (liquid) into mouth | AHD/W7 | |
suckle | vb | to nurse, give suck | W7 | |
suction | n | sucking | AHD/W7 | |
suctorial | adj | adapted for sucking | AHD/W7 | |
sup | vb | to take/drink in gulps/swallows | AHD/W7 | |
sup | vb.intrans | to eat supper | AHD/W7 | |
supper | n | dinner, evening meal | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | zuigen | vb | to suck | LRC |
zuipen | vb | to sup, drink, quaff | ASD | |
Middle Low German: | sane | n | cream | LRC |
Low German: | sippen | vb | to sip | W7 |
Old High German: | sol | n | mire | ASD |
sou | n.neut | juice; drug, potion | ASD | |
sūfan | vb | to sup, sip, drink, gulp down | RPN | |
sūgan | vb | to suck | RPN | |
German: | Sahne | n.fem | cream | LRC |
saufen | vb | to sup, drink | ASD | |
säugen | vb | to suckle | TLL | |
saugen | vb | to suck, absorb | LRC | |
süffeln | vb | to sip | LRC | |
Suppe | n.fem | soup | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | soppa | n | sop, soup | W7 |
Old Icelandic: | súga | vb | to suck | RPN |
súpa | vb | to sup, sip, drink | RPN | |
Icelandic: | saggi | n.masc | moistness | ASD |
s(j)ūga | vb | to suck | ASD | |
soppa | n | sop | ASD | |
söggr | adj | dank, soggy | ASD | |
Danish: | suge | vb | to suck | LRC |
Swedish: | suga | vb | to suck | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | sagīmen | n | fat, lard | LRC |
sagīna | n.fem | fat, stuffing, fattening | CLD | |
suculentus | vb.ptc | succulent | W7 | |
sūcus | n.masc | sap, juice | RPN | |
sūgō, sūgere | vb | to suck | RPN | |
Late Latin: | suctio, suctionis | n.fem | suction | W7 |
New Latin: | suctorius | adj | suctorial | W7 |
Old French: | saim | n | fat | LRC |
sain | n | fat | LRC | |
soupe | n.fem | sop, soup | W7 | |
souper | n.masc | supper | W7 | |
Italian: | prosciutto | n | prosciutto | AHD |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | sъsǫ, sъsati | vb | to suck | RPN |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | shí | n.masc | rain | IEW |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | ὑετός | n | rain, shower | LRC |
ὕω | vb | to rain | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |