Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: si̯ū-, sīu̯- 'to sew'
Semantic Field(s): to Sew
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | sēam | n.masc | seam | ASD |
seowian, siwian, sēowan | vb.wk | to sew | ASD | |
Middle English: | seem | n | seam | W7 |
sewen | vb | to sew | W7 | |
English: | accouter | vb.trans | to fit out, provide with equipment/furnishings | AHD/W7 |
couture | n | business of designing/making/selling women's clothing | AHD/W7 | |
Hymen | prop.n | god of marriage (Greek mythology) | AHD/W7 | |
hymen | n | mucous membrane partly closing vagina orifice | AHD/W7 | |
Kamasutra | prop.n | Sanskrit treatise re: love/pleasure | AHD | |
seam | n | joining of pieces (of cloth/leather) by sewing | AHD/W7 | |
sew | vb | to unite/fasten by stitches of flexible thread/filament | AHD/W7 | |
sewn | vb.past.ptc | sewed | LRC | |
subulate | adj | linear/tapering to fine point | AHD/W7 | |
sutra | n | precept summarizing Vedic teaching | AHD/W7 | |
suture | n | strand/fiber for sewing parts of living body | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | sām | n | seam | ASD |
sia | vb | to sew | ASD | |
Old High German: | saum | n | seam | ASD |
siula | n | awl | W7 | |
siuwan, siuwen | vb | to sew | ASD/W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | saumr | n | seam | ASD |
sȳja | vb | to sew | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | siujan | vb | to sew | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | consuo, consuere | vb | to sew together | W7 |
consutus | vb.ptc | sewn together | W7 | |
hymen | n.masc | marriage; membrane | W7 | |
subula | n.fem | awl | W7 | |
suō, suere, suī, sūtus | vb | to sew, stitch | W7 | |
sutura | n.fem | seam, suture | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | consutura | n.fem | seam | W7 |
Late Latin: | hymen | n.neut | wedding; membrane | W7 |
Old French: | acoustrer | vb | to equip, arrange, accouter | AHD |
cousture | n.fem | seam, sewing | W7 | |
Middle French: | acoustrer | vb | to dress absurdly | W7 |
costure | n.fem | seam | W7 | |
suture | n.fem | seam, suture | W7 | |
French: | accoutrer | vb | to accouter, dress absurdly | W7 |
couture | n.fem | seam, sewing, needlework | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | siūti | vb | to sew | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | šijǫ | vb | to sew | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | Ὑμήν | prop.n.masc | Hymen | LRC |
ὑμήν | n.masc | hymen, membrane, thin skin | AHD | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | shummanza(n) | n | rope | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | sī́vyati | vb | to sew | LRC |
sūtra | n | string, thread; sutra, string of precepts | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
past | = | past (tense) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |