Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: si̯ū-, sīu̯- 'to sew'
Semantic Field(s): to Sew
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sēam | n.masc | seam | ASD |
| seowian, siwian, sēowan | vb.wk | to sew | ASD | |
| Middle English: | seem | n | seam | W7 |
| sewen | vb | to sew | W7 | |
| English: | accouter | vb.trans | to fit out, provide with equipment/furnishings | AHD/W7 |
| couture | n | business of designing/making/selling women's clothing | AHD/W7 | |
| Hymen | prop.n | god of marriage (Greek mythology) | AHD/W7 | |
| hymen | n | mucous membrane partly closing vagina orifice | AHD/W7 | |
| Kamasutra | prop.n | Sanskrit treatise re: love/pleasure | AHD | |
| seam | n | joining of pieces (of cloth/leather) by sewing | AHD/W7 | |
| sew | vb | to unite/fasten by stitches of flexible thread/filament | AHD/W7 | |
| sewn | vb.past.ptc | sewed | LRC | |
| subulate | adj | linear/tapering to fine point | AHD/W7 | |
| sutra | n | precept summarizing Vedic teaching | AHD/W7 | |
| suture | n | strand/fiber for sewing parts of living body | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | sām | n | seam | ASD |
| sia | vb | to sew | ASD | |
| Old High German: | saum | n | seam | ASD |
| siula | n | awl | W7 | |
| siuwan, siuwen | vb | to sew | ASD/W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | saumr | n | seam | ASD |
| sȳja | vb | to sew | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | siujan | vb | to sew | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | consuo, consuere | vb | to sew together | W7 |
| consutus | vb.ptc | sewn together | W7 | |
| hymen | n.masc | marriage; membrane | W7 | |
| subula | n.fem | awl | W7 | |
| suō, suere, suī, sūtus | vb | to sew, stitch | W7 | |
| sutura | n.fem | seam, suture | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | consutura | n.fem | seam | W7 |
| Late Latin: | hymen | n.neut | wedding; membrane | W7 |
| Old French: | acoustrer | vb | to equip, arrange, accouter | AHD |
| cousture | n.fem | seam, sewing | W7 | |
| Middle French: | acoustrer | vb | to dress absurdly | W7 |
| costure | n.fem | seam | W7 | |
| suture | n.fem | seam, suture | W7 | |
| French: | accoutrer | vb | to accouter, dress absurdly | W7 |
| couture | n.fem | seam, sewing, needlework | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | siūti | vb | to sew | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | šijǫ | vb | to sew | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | Ὑμήν | prop.n.masc | Hymen | LRC |
| ὑμήν | n.masc | hymen, membrane, thin skin | AHD | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | shummanza(n) | n | rope | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | sī́vyati | vb | to sew | LRC |
| sūtra | n | string, thread; sutra, string of precepts | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
