Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: (s)kāi- 'bright, shining'
Semantic Field(s): Bright
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hād, hǣd | n | rank, status | GED |
| -hād | sfx | -hood | GED | |
| hādor, hǣdor | adj | brisk | GED | |
| Middle English: | celen | vb | to ceil | W9 |
| celing | n | ceiling | W9 | |
| -hed, -hod | n.sfx | -hood | W7 | |
| maidenhed | n | maidenhead | W7 | |
| English: | ceil | vb | to furnish with lining | W9 |
| ceiling | n | overhead inside room lining | W9 | |
| cheetah | n | swift spotted long-legged African cat | AHD/W7 | |
| chint, chints | n | printed calico from India | AHD/W7 | |
| chintz | n | printed calico from India | AHD/W7 | |
| -hood | n.sfx | state, condition, quality, character | AHD/W7 | |
| maidenhead | n | maidenhood, virginity | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | -hēd(e), heid | n.sfx | -hood | ASD/GED |
| Old Saxon: | hēd | n | rank, status | GED |
| hēdar, hēdor | adj | brisk | ASD/GED | |
| Old High German: | heit | n.str.masc | rank, status | GED |
| heitar | adj | brisk, bright, clear | GED | |
| -heit(i) | n.sfx | -hood | ASD/GED | |
| German: | -heit | n.sfx | -hood | ASD |
| heiter | adj | clear, bright | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | haiðz-runo | n | bright runes | GED |
| Old Norse: | heiðr | adj | bright, clear | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | heið | n | bright sky | GED |
| heiðr | adj | brisk | GED | |
| heiðr | n.str.masc | rank, honor | GED | |
| Icelandic: | heiðr | adj | bright (of the sky/stars) | ASD |
| heiðr | n | honor | ASD | |
| Danish: | -hed | n.sfx | -hood | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *haidus | n.masc | way, manner | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | caelo, caelare | vb | to carve, chisel, engrave | LRC |
| caelum, caeli | n.neut | sky, heavens | LRC | |
| Portuguese: | céu | n | sky, heavens | TLL |
| Spanish: | cielo | n.masc | sky, heavens | TLL |
| Middle French: | *celer | vb | to ceil, carve | W9 |
| French: | ciel | n.masc | sky, heavens | TLL |
| Italian: | cielo | n.masc | sky, heavens | TLL |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | ciþrō | adj | bright | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ketúṣ | n | form, brightness | GED |
| citra | adj | bright | W7 | |
| Hindi: | cītā | n | tiger | W7 |
| chīt | n | printed calico | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
| W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |