Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: skē̆i- 'to cut, skive, exscind, separate'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut, to Separate
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Irish: | scian | n.fem | edge, knife, dagger | IED/W7 |
| Scots Gaelic: | sgian | n.fem | knife | GE/W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | scēadan, scādan | vb.str | to shed, divide, separate | ASD/W7 |
| scēaþ, scǣþ | n.fem | sheath | ASD/W7 | |
| scinu | n.fem | shin | W7 | |
| scip | n.neut | ship | LRC | |
| scītan, scāt, sciton, sciten | vb.str | to shit | AHD/ASD | |
| Middle English: | chine | n | chine | W7 |
| conscience | n | conscience | W7 | |
| escochon | n | escutcheon | W7 | |
| esquire | n | esquire | W7 | |
| nice | adj | foolish, wanton | W7 | |
| science | n | science | W7 | |
| scifra | n | chip, shiver | IEW | |
| scilicet | adv | scilicet | W7 | |
| scisme | n | schism | W7 | |
| sheden | vb | to shed | W7 | |
| shethe | n | sheath | W7 | |
| sheve | n | sheave | W7 | |
| shine | n | shin | W7 | |
| ship | n | ship | W7 | |
| shiten | vb | to shit | W9 | |
| shiver | n | shiver | W7 | |
| skipper | n | skipper | W7 | |
| squier | n | squire | W7 | |
| English: | adscititious | adj | derived/acquired extrinsically | AHD/W7 |
| blatherskite | n | blustering talkative fellow | AHD/W7 | |
| chine | n | spine, backbone | AHD/W7 | |
| conscience | n | sense/consciousness of moral goodness/blameworthiness | AHD/W7 | |
| conscious | adj | sharing another's knowledge/awareness of inward state/outward fact | AHD/W7 | |
| ecu | n | (old) French gold coin with shield | AHD | |
| equip | vb.trans | to prepare, furnish for action/service | AHD/W7 | |
| escudo | n | (former) Hispanic gold/silver coin | AHD/W7 | |
| escutcheon | n | coat of arms | AHD/W7 | |
| esquire | n | member of English gentry ranking below knight | AHD/W7 | |
| exscind | vb.trans | to excise, cut off/out | AHD/W7 | |
| gobshite | n | unpleasant person, nonsensical chatterer | AHD | |
| nescience | n | ignorance, lack of knowledge/awareness | AHD/W7 | |
| nice | adj | wanton, dissolute | AHD/W7 | |
| omniscient | adj | having infinite insight/awareness/understanding | AHD/W7 | |
| prescience | n | foresight, knowledge of events/actions before occurrence | AHD | |
| prescient | adj | foreknowing, re: prescience | AHD | |
| prescind | vb | to detach for thought | AHD/W7 | |
| rescind | vb.trans | to remove, take away | AHD/W7 | |
| schism | n | division, separation | AHD/W7 | |
| schist | n | brittle metamorphic crystalline rock | AHD/W7 | |
| science | n | possession of knowledge vs. ignorance/misunderstanding | AHD/W7 | |
| scilicet | adv | namely, videlicet, to wit | AHD/W7 | |
| sciolism | n | superficial show of learning | AHD/W7 | |
| scission | n | schism, split/division in group/union | AHD/W7 | |
| scudo | n | Italian gold coin | AHD/W7 | |
| scutum | n | scute, bony/horny/chitinous plate | AHD/W7 | |
| sheath | n | case for (e.g. knife) blade | AHD/W7 | |
| sheave | n | grooved wheel/pulley of pulley block | AHD/W7 | |
| shed, shed | vb.str | to excise, segregate, set apart | AHD/W7 | |
| shin | n | front part of vertebrate leg below knee | AHD/W7 | |
| ship | n | large seagoing boat | AHD/W7 | |
| shipperke | n | small black tailless dog breed | AHD | |
| shit | n | dung, feces, ordure, excrement | LRC | |
| shit | vb | to defecate | AHD/W9 | |
| shiv | n | knife | W7 | |
| shive | n | cut, slice | IEW | |
| shiver | n | small piece of broken thing | AHD/W7 | |
| shyster | n | pettifogger, professionally unscrupulous person | AHD/W7 | |
| skate | n | nag, thin decrepit/awkward-looking horse | AHD/W7 | |
| skean | n | dirk, dagger | AHD/W7 | |
| ski | n | narrow strip of wood/metal used to glide over snow | AHD/W7 | |
| skiff | n | small light sailing ship | AHD/W7 | |
| skipper | n | master of ship | AHD/W7 | |
| skite | n | offensive person | AHD/W7 | |
| skive | vb.trans | to pare, cut off in thin layers/pieces | AHD/W7 | |
| squire | n | knight's shield/armor-bearer | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | skate | n | contemptible person | W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | skēda, skētha | vb | to divide, decide | ASD |
| skip | n | ship | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | schip | n | ship | W7 |
| schipper | n | skipper | W7 | |
| shiten | vb | to shit | W9 | |
| Dutch: | echtscheiding | n | divorce | TLL |
| schip | n | ship | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | skēdan, skēthan | vb | to divide | ASD |
| skēðia | n | sheath | ASD | |
| skip | n | ship | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | scēthan, sceithan | vb | to divide | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | shiten | vb | to shit | W9 |
| Old High German: | sceida | n | sheath | W7 |
| scina | n | shin(bone); needle | W7 | |
| scīzan, skīzzan | vb | to shit | AHD/W9 | |
| skeidan, sceidan | vb | to separate | ASD/W7 | |
| skif, scif | n | ship | ASD/W7 | |
| skīt | n | stick of wood | W7 | |
| German: | scheiden | vb | to divide, separate | LRC |
| Scheidung | n.fem | divorce, separation | TLL | |
| Schiff | n.neut | ship | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | skip | n.neut | ship, boat | LRC |
| skipa, skipað | vb | to array, draw up; assign, put in order | LRC | |
| skipta, skiptat | vb | to share, divide, exchange; decide | LRC | |
| skíð | n.neut | wooden stave/block/tablet | LRC | |
| skīfa | vb | to slice | W7 | |
| skīta | vb | to shit | W9 | |
| skīþ | n | ski, stick of wood | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | skeiðir | n.pl | sheath | ASD |
| skip | n | ship | ASD | |
| Norwegian: | ski | n | ski | W7 |
| Danish: | skib | n | ship | TLL |
| Swedish: | skepp | n | ship | TLL |
| skida | n | sheath | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | skaidan | vb | to divide | ASD |
| skip | n.str.masc | ship | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | adscitus | vb.ptc | received | W7 |
| adsisco, adsciscere | vb | to receive | W7 | |
| consciens, conscientis | adj/vb.ptc | conscious, knowing | W7 | |
| conscientia | n.fem | joint knowledge, consciousness | W7 | |
| conscio, conscire | vb | to be conscious (of guilt) | W7 | |
| conscius | adj | conscious, knowing | W7 | |
| exscindo, exscindere | vb | to tear out, destroy | W7 | |
| inscientia, inscientiae | n.fem | ignorance | LRC | |
| liceo, licēre | vb | to be permitted | W7 | |
| nesciens, nescientis | vb.ptc | ignorant | W7 | |
| nescio, nescīre | vb | to not know | W7 | |
| nescius | adj | ignorant | W7 | |
| praescindo, praescindere | vb | to cut off in front | W7 | |
| rescindo, rescindere | vb | to annul | W7 | |
| sciens, scientis | adj/vb.ptc | having knowledge | W7 | |
| scientia | n.fem | science | W7 | |
| scilicet | adv | surely, to wit | W7 | |
| scindo, scindere | vb | to cut, split, tear | W7 | |
| scio, scīre | vb | to know | W7 | |
| scisco, sciscere | vb | to accept | W7 | |
| scissus | vb.ptc | split | W7 | |
| scius | adj | knowing | W7 | |
| scutum, scuti | n.neut | shield | LRC | |
| Late Latin: | nescientia | n.fem | ignorance | W7 |
| schisma | n.neut | schism, division | W7 | |
| sciolus | n.masc | smatterer | W7 | |
| scissio, scissionis | n.fem | act of splitting | W7 | |
| scutarius | n.masc | esquire, shield bearer | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | omniscientia | n.fem | omniscience | W7 |
| New Latin: | omnisciens, omniscientis | adj/vb.ptc | all-knowing | W7 |
| scutum | n.neut | shield | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | escudo | n.masc | shield | W7 |
| Spanish: | escudo | n.masc | shield | W7 |
| Old French: | conscience | n.fem | conscience | W7 |
| écu | n | ecu | LRC | |
| esquier | n.masc | squire, shield-bearer; knight | W7 | |
| nice | adj | ignorant | W7 | |
| Middle French: | cisme | n.masc | schism | W7 |
| escuchon | n.masc | shield | W7 | |
| esquier | n.masc | squire | W7 | |
| esquif | n.masc | skiff | W7 | |
| science | n.fem | science | W7 | |
| French: | schiste | n.masc | schist | W7 |
| scission | n.fem | act of splitting | W7 | |
| Italian: | scudo | n.masc | shield | W7 |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | čistъ | adj | pure, clean | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | σχίζω | vb | to split, cleave | LRC |
| Greek: | schisma | n.neut | cleft, division | W7 |
| schistos | adj | that may be split | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Romani: | chiv | n | shiv, blade | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GE | = | Colin Mark: The Gaelic-English Dictionary (2003) |
| IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
| W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |