Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. (s)kē̆p-, (s)kō̆p-, and (s)kā̆p-, (s)kē̆b(h)-, skob(h)-, and skā̆b(h)- 'to cut, shave, split with sharp tool'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut, to Split
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | capūn | n.masc | capon | W7 |
| gescieppan, gescōp, gescōpon, gesceapen | vb.str.VI | to shape, create | LRC | |
| sceab, sce(ab)b, scæb | n.masc | scab, scurf | ASD/GED | |
| sc(e)afan, scōf, scōfon, sc(e)afen | vb.str | to shave, scrape | GED | |
| sceaft | n.masc | shaft, pole | W7 | |
| scieppan, scōp, scōpon, sceapen | vb.str.VI | to shape, form, create | LRC | |
| scieppend | n.masc | shaper, creator | LRC | |
| -scipe | n.sfx | -ship | W7 | |
| Middle English: | capon | n | capon | W7 |
| scab | n | scab | W7 | |
| scaplen | vb | to scabble | W7 | |
| sceptre | n | scepter | W7 | |
| scope | n | scoop | W7 | |
| shaft | n | shaft | W7 | |
| shapen | vb | to shape, create | W7 | |
| shaven | vb | to shave | W7 | |
| -ship | n.sfx | -ship | W7 | |
| skopper | n | scupper | W7 | |
| English: | apocope | n | loss of sounds/letters at end of word | AHD/W7 |
| bathyscaphe | n | navigable submersible deep-sea vessel | AHD/W7 | |
| capon | n | castrated male chicken | AHD/W7 | |
| comma | n | punctuation marking separation in sentence | AHD/W7 | |
| Fellowship | prop.n | band of 9 heroes in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| fellowship | n | group of friends/comrades | LRC | |
| landscape | n | representation of natural inland scenery | AHD/W7 | |
| partnership | n | state of being partners | W7 | |
| sapsago | n | hard green cheese containing aromatic legume leaf | AHD/W7 | |
| scab | n | dried blood on skin | AHD/W7 | |
| scabble | vb.trans | to dress (stone) roughly | AHD/W7 | |
| scabies | n | itch, mange, skin disease | W7 | |
| scabrous | adj | knotty, difficult | AHD/W7 | |
| scaphocephalic | adj | boat-shaped, re: long narrow skull deformity | AHD | |
| scaphoid | adj | navicular, boat-shaped | AHD/W7 | |
| scaphopod | n/adj | tooth-shell mollusk; having foot fit for burrowing | AHD | |
| scapula | n | shoulder-blade bone | AHD/W7 | |
| scepter | n | staff/baton of authority | LRC | |
| scoop | n | large ladle | AHD/W7 | |
| scoop | vb | to dip, dig out, use scoop | W7 | |
| scupper | n | bulwark opening where water on ship deck flows overboard | AHD/W7 | |
| shab | n | low fellow | AHD/W7 | |
| shabby | adj | faded/threadbare from wear | AHD/W7 | |
| shaft | n | long handle of spear/similar weapon | AHD/W7 | |
| shape | vb | to form, create | AHD/W7 | |
| shave | vb | to remove hair/thin layer of skin | AHD/W7 | |
| -ship | n.sfx | state, quality, condition | AHD/W7 | |
| syncope | n | temporary suspension of circulation/respiration due to brain ischemia | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | sceptre | n | scepter | LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | -skip(e) | n.sfx | -ship | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | schope | n | scoop | W7 |
| Dutch: | kapoen | n.masc | capon | ASD |
| landschap | n | landscape | W7 | |
| -schap | n.sfx | -ship | W7 | |
| schaven | vb | to shave | GED | |
| schub | n | scab, scale, shingle | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | skaft | n | shaft, spear | ASD |
| skap | n | vessel | KSW | |
| skapo | n | dish | KSW | |
| -skepi | n.sfx | -ship | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | scavan | vb | to shave, scrape | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | schaven | vb | to shave | GED |
| schōve | n | scale | GED | |
| Old High German: | scaft, scafe | n | shaft | ASD/W7 |
| -scaft | n.sfx | -ship | W7 | |
| schaben, scaban, scapan | vb.str | to shave | ASD/GED | |
| scuob | vb.pret | shaved | GED | |
| scuoppa | n.fem | scab, scale, shingle | GED | |
| skaf | n | tray, vessel | KDW | |
| skaffo | n | scoop, dish | KDW | |
| skepfen | vb | to shape | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | kapūn | n | capon | ASD |
| German: | Kapaun | n.masc | capon | ASD |
| Landschaft | n.fem | landscape | LRC | |
| Schabe | n | scab, itch | ASD | |
| schaben | vb | to shave, scrape, grate | LRC | |
| Schabziger | n.masc | sapsago | W7 | |
| Schaft | n.masc | shaft | LRC | |
| Schuppe | n | scab, scale, shingle | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | kapūn | n.masc | capon | ASD |
| skap | n.neut | character | LRC | |
| skapa, skapað | vb | to make, shape, create; determine | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | skafa | vb | to shave | GED |
| skōf | vb.pret | shaved | GED | |
| skōfir | n.fem.pl | singed crusts (at bottom of pan) | GED | |
| Icelandic: | skafa | vb | to shave, scrape | ASD |
| skapt, skaft | n | shaft, haft (of an axe) | ASD | |
| Danish: | kapun | n.masc | capon | ASD |
| skab | n | scab | ASD | |
| skab | n | cupboard | TLL | |
| Old Swedish: | skabbr | n | scab | W7 |
| Swedish: | kapun | n.masc | capon | ASD |
| skabb | n | scab | ASD | |
| skafferi | n | pantry | TLL | |
| skap | n | cupboard | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | skaban | vb.str.VI | to shear | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | capo, caponis | n.masc | capon | W7 |
| comma | n.neut | part of sentence | W7 | |
| scaber, scabris | adj | rough, scurfy | W7 | |
| scābī | vb.pret | shaved | GED | |
| scabiēs | n.fem | scurf, roughness; scab, scabies | ELD/W7 | |
| scabō, scabere | vb | to shave, scrape, scratch | GED | |
| scapula | n.fem.dim | shoulder, scapula | ELD/W7 | |
| scapus | n.masc | shaft, stalk | W7 | |
| sceptrum | n.neut | scepter | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | apocope | n | apocope | AHD |
| Old French: | ceptre | n | scepter | W7 |
| Old North French: | capon | n.masc | castrated male chicken | W7 |
| Middle French: | escapler | vb | to dress timber | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | skàbti | vb | to pluck | GED |
| Latvian: | skabît | vb | to hew off | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | skoblь | n | scraping-knife | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | κόπτω | vb | to cut, strike, hammer | IEW |
| σκῆπτρον | n.neut | staff, scepter | LRC | |
| Greek: | ἀποκοπή | n.fem | apocope, cutting off | LS |
| ἀπο-κόπτω | vb | to cut/hew off | LS | |
| κόμμα | n.neut | clause, segment; coin stamp/impression | LS | |
| κόπτω | vb | to smite, strike, forge; cut/chop off | LS | |
| προσκόπτω | vb | to strike against | LRC | |
| σκάφη | n.fem | something dug/scooped out (e.g. tub, trough, skiff, light boat) | LS | |
| σκᾰφίδιον | n.neut.dim | small skiff | LS | |
| σκᾰφίς | n.fem.dim | pot, bowl, milk-pail; skiff, canoe | LS | |
| skaphoeidēs | adj | re: boat | W7 | |
| σκάφος | n.neut | boat, ship | LS | |
| synkopē | n.fem | syncope, cutting short | W7 | |
| synkoptein | vb | to cut short | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| VI | = | class 6 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KSW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |