Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sk̑er-(d-) 'to defecate; dung, excrement'
Semantic Field(s): to Void Excrement; Dung, Excrement
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | þreax, þreahs | n | rottenness | ASD/W9 |
| Middle English: | scoria | n | scoria | W7 |
| English: | dre(c)k | n | trash, rubbish, inferior merchandise | AHD/W9 |
| scatology | n | lit. excrement study | W7 | |
| scoria | n | slag, refuse from metal melting/ore reduction | AHD/W7 | |
| skatole | n | foul-smelling compound in feces/intestines | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle High German: | drëc | n | dung, dreck | AHD |
| German: | Dreck | n | dreck | W9 |
| Yiddish: | drek | n | dreck | W9 |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | scoria | n.fem | scoria | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | skat- | stem | dung | W7 |
| skōr | n.neut | excrement | W7 | |
| skōria | n.fem | scoria | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| stem | = | stem |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
| W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |
