Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. (s)keu-, (s)keu̯ə : (s)kū- 'to hide, wrap, cover'
Semantic Field(s): to Hide, Conceal, to Wind, Wrap, to Cover
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Irish: | cuarān | n | shoe | GED |
| Welsh: | curan | n | shoe | GED |
| cwd | n | scrotum | GED | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bōc-hūs | n.neut | library, lit. book-house | MEV |
| ge-scȳ | n.neut | shoes, footwear | GED | |
| hord | n.masc/neut | hoard, treasure | ASD | |
| hordian | vb.wk | to hoard | ASD/GED | |
| hosa | n.masc | hose, stocking; husk | W7 | |
| hūs | n.neut | house | LRC | |
| hȳd | n.fem | hide, skin | GED | |
| hȳdan | vb.wk | to hide, conceal | GED | |
| māðum-hūs | n.neut | treasury, lit. treasure-house | ASD | |
| scēawian | vb | to look at | GED | |
| scēo, scō(h) | n.masc | shoe | ASD/GED | |
| scōg(e)an, scōde, scōd | vb.wk | to shoe | ASD | |
| scū(w)a | n.masc | shadow | GED | |
| Middle English: | boc-hous | n | library, lit. book-house | MEV |
| custodie | n | custody | W7 | |
| hide | n | hide, animal skin | W7 | |
| hord | n | hoard | W7 | |
| hose | n | hose | W7 | |
| hous | n | house | W7 | |
| obscure | adj | obscure | W7 | |
| reculen | vb | to recoil | W7 | |
| schele | n | hut | AHD | |
| scum | n | scum | W7 | |
| shoo | n | shoe | W7 | |
| skimmen | vb | to skim | W7 | |
| sky | n | sky | W7 | |
| English: | bascule | n | structure/apparatus with one end counterbalanced by another | AHD/W7 |
| chiaroscuro | n | pictorial representation as light/shade without color | AHD/W7 | |
| choanocyte | n | collared/flagellated monadiform sponge cell | AHD/CDC | |
| culet | n | armor covering buttocks | AHD/W7 | |
| culotte | n | divided skirt | AHD/W7 | |
| custody | n | immediate charge/control exercised by person/authority | AHD/W7 | |
| cutaneous | adj | re: skin | AHD/W7 | |
| cuticle | n | skin, pellicle | AHD/W7 | |
| cutin | n | outer epidermal wall of plant | AHD/W7 | |
| cutis | n | skin, dermis | AHD | |
| -cyte | n.sfx | cell | AHD/W7 | |
| cyt(o)- | pfx | cell | AHD | |
| Fallohide | prop.n | hobbit clan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hide, hid, hidden | vb.str | to cover, conceal | GED | |
| hide | n | raw/dressed skin of animal | AHD/W7 | |
| histiocyte | n | phagocytic tissue cell | AHD/W7 | |
| hoard | n | hidden/stored-up fund/supply | AHD/W7 | |
| hoard | vb | to collect/lay up, amass/deposit in secret | W2I | |
| hose | n | cloth leg/foot covering | AHD/W7 | |
| hosel | n | socket in golf clubhead where shaft attaches | AHD | |
| house | n | building used as family living quarters | W7 | |
| huddle | n | densely packed group/crowd | AHD | |
| hut | n | shack, small simple temporary dwelling | AHD/W7 | |
| kishke | n | boiled/roasted beef sausage | AHD | |
| lederhosen | n | knee-length leather trousers | AHD/W7 | |
| Mathom-house | prop.n | weapon museum in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| meerschaum | n | hydrous magnesium silicate: light, fine white clay/mineral | AHD/W7 | |
| obscure | adj | dark, dusky, with little/no light | AHD/W7 | |
| pinocytosis | n | cell ingesting fluid through membrane | AHD | |
| recoil | vb.intrans | to fall/shrink back | AHD/W7 | |
| scum | n | foul filmy covering on surface of liquid | AHD/W7 | |
| shoe, sho(e)d | vb.wk | to furnish/put on shoes | W7 | |
| shoe | n | outer covering for human foot | W7 | |
| skewbald | adj | re: patches of white on non-black coat | AHD | |
| skim | vb | to clear off scum/floating matter | AHD/W7 | |
| sky | n | firmament, atmosphere constituting arch/vault over earth | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | shieling | n | shepherd's hut | AHD |
| Scots English: | shiel | n | hut | AHD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hotha | n | testicle | GED |
| hūd, hēd | n | hide, skin | ASD | |
| hūs | n | house | ASD | |
| skawia, skowia | vb | to look at, inspect | ASD | |
| skōch, scō | n | shoe | ASD/GED | |
| Middle Dutch: | schum | n | scum | W7 |
| Dutch: | huid | n | hide, skin | TLL |
| huis | n | house | LRC | |
| hut | n | hut | TLL | |
| schoen | n | shoe | TLL | |
| schuim | n | scum, foam | TLL | |
| schuur | n | barn | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | gi-scōhi, gi-skohi | n | shoes, footwear | ASD/GED |
| hord | n.neut | hoard, treasure | ASD/GED | |
| hūs | n | house | ASD | |
| skauwōn, scawōn | vb | to look at | ASD/GED | |
| skōh | n | shoe | GED | |
| Old Low German: | scauwōn, scouwōn | vb | to look (at) | ASD |
| scō | n | shoe | ASD | |
| Old High German: | gi-scuohi | n.str.neut | shoes, footwear | GED |
| hodo | n.wk.masc | testicle | GED | |
| hort | n.str.neut | hoard, treasure | GED | |
| hosa | n | leg covering | W7 | |
| hūs | n | house | ASD | |
| hūt | n.str.neut | hide, skin | GED | |
| hutta | n | hut | W7 | |
| scūm | n | scum, foam | W7 | |
| scuoh | n.str.neut | shoe | GED | |
| scū(wo), scuwo | n.str.masc | shadow | ASD/GED | |
| skiura, skūra | n | barn | KDW | |
| skouwōn, scouwōn, sca(u)wōn | vb.wk | to look at | ASD/GED | |
| skugina | n | barn | KDW | |
| skūr | n | shelter, protection | GED | |
| Middle High German: | gi-hurten | vb.wk | to hoard, collect treasure | GED |
| hose | n | trousers | W7 | |
| lederhose | n | leather trousers | W7 | |
| schuoch | n | shoe | GED | |
| German: | Haus | n.neut | house | ASD |
| häuslich | adj | domestic | TLL | |
| Haut | n.fem | hide, skin | ASD | |
| Hode | n.masc | testicle | LRC | |
| horten | vb | to hoard | LRC | |
| Hosen | n.fem.pl | trousers | LRC | |
| Hütte | n.fem | hut | LRC | |
| Lederhosen | n.fem.pl | leather trousers | W7 | |
| Meerschaum | n.masc | meerschaum | W7 | |
| Schaum | n.masc | scum, foam, froth | W7 | |
| Scheuer | n.fem | shed, barn, granary | LRC | |
| Scheune | n | barn | TLL | |
| Schuh | n.masc | shoe | GED | |
| Yiddish: | kishke | n | kishke | AHD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hauss | n.masc | skull | LRC |
| hús | n.neut | house, room; [pl.] farm | LRC | |
| hús-frú | n | wife | KNW | |
| skáli | n.masc | shed; hall, sleeping-hall | LRC | |
| skúr | n | almond hull | KNW | |
| skȳ | n | sky, cloud | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | hodd | n | hoard, treasure | GED |
| hūð | n | skin | GED | |
| skōr | n | shoe | GED | |
| skugg-sjā | n.fem | mirror | GED | |
| Icelandic: | hodd | n.neut | hoard, treasure | ASD |
| húð | n | hide, skin | ASD | |
| hús | n | house | ASD | |
| skór | n | shoe | ASD | |
| skuggi | n | shadow, spectre | ASD | |
| Danish: | hus | n | house | TLL |
| hustru | n | wife | TLL | |
| hytte | n | hut | TLL | |
| sko | n | shoe | TLL | |
| skugge | n | shadow | TLL | |
| skum | n | scum, foam | TLL | |
| sky | n | cloud | TLL | |
| Old Swedish: | hydda | vb.wk | to conceal | GED |
| Swedish: | hustru | n | wife | TLL |
| hydda | n | hut | TLL | |
| sko | n | shoe | TLL | |
| skugga | n | shadow | TLL | |
| skum | n | scum, foam | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ga-skohi | n | shoes, footwear | ASD |
| hūs | n | house | ASD | |
| huzd | n.neut | hoard, treasure | GED | |
| *skohs | n.masc | shoe, sandal | GED | |
| *skuggwa | n.wk.masc | mirror | GED | |
| Crimean Gothic: | hus | n | house | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | culus | n.masc | backside | W7 |
| custodia | n.fem | guarding | W7 | |
| custos, custodis | n.masc | guardian | W7 | |
| cuticula | n.fem.dim | cuticle, little skin | W7 | |
| cutis | n.fem | cutis | GED | |
| obscūrus | adj | dark, covered, obscure | GED | |
| New Latin: | cutaneus | adj | cutaneous | W7 |
| -cyta | sfx | -cyte | W7 | |
| Old French: | cul | n.masc | backside | W7 |
| reculer | vb | to step back | W7 | |
| Middle French: | obscur | adj | dark, obscure | W7 |
| French: | bascule | n.fem | rocker | W7 |
| cul | n.masc | backside (vulgar) | W7 | |
| culotte | n.fem | pants, breeches | W7 | |
| écume | n | scum, foam | TLL | |
| Italian: | chiaro | adj | clear, light | W7 |
| chiaroscuro | n.masc | clair-obscur, light and shade | W7 | |
| oscuro | adj | dark, obscure | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | skūrà | n | leather, bark of tree | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Russian: | kishka | n | kishke, intestine | AHD |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | κεύθω | vb | to hide, conceal | GED |
| κύστις | n.fem | bladder | LRC | |
| σκῦτος | n.masc | skin, hide, leather | GED | |
| Greek: | κύσθος | n.masc | vulva | GED |
| kytos | n.masc | hollow vessel | W7 | |
| σκῡ́νια | n.pl | brows | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | skunā́ti | vb | to cover | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
