Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: skeub-, skeubh-, skeug- 'to shove, move, shoot, throw'
Semantic Field(s): to Move, to Throw
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sc(e)oh | adj | shy | ASD/IEW |
| sc(e)op | n.masc | scop | ASD/W7 | |
| scofl | n.fem | shovel | W7 | |
| scūfan, scēufan, scēofan | vb.str | to shove, thrust away | ASD/W7 | |
| scyhhan | vb | to scare, frighten away | IEW | |
| Middle English: | schey | adj | shy | W7 |
| scof | n | scoff | W7 | |
| shovel | n | shovel | W7 | |
| shoven | vb | to shove | W7 | |
| English: | scoff | n | gibe, expression of scorn/contempt/derision | AHD/W7 |
| scop | n | bard, poet | AHD/W7 | |
| scuff | vb | to shuffle, walk without lifting feet | AHD/W7 | |
| scuffle | vb.intrans | to struggle close together with disorder/confusion | AHD/W7 | |
| shove | vb | to push along | AHD/W7 | |
| shovel | n | broad scoop/blade with handle to lift/throw material | AHD/W7 | |
| shovel | vb | to dig/lift/throw with shovel | W7 | |
| shuffle | vb | to jumble, mix in confused mass | AHD/W7 | |
| shy | adj | timid, fearful | IEW | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | skof | n | scoff, mockery | W7 |
| skūva | vb | to shove, thrust | ASD | |
| Dutch: | schoffel | n.fem | shovel | ASD |
| schop | n | shovel | TLL | |
| Old High German: | sc(h)of | n | scop | ASD/W7 |
| scioban, sciuban | vb | to shove, push | ASD/W7 | |
| sciuhen | vb | to scare, frighten away | W7 | |
| scūfla, scūvala | n | shovel | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | Schaufel | n.fem | shovel | ASD |
| schaufeln | vb | to shovel | LRC | |
| scheuchen | vb | to scare, frighten away | IEW | |
| schieben | vb | to shove, push | LRC | |
| Schub | n.masc | shove, push, thrust | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | skop | n | railing, mocking | ASD |
| skýfa | vb.wk | to shove, drive, push | ASD | |
| Danish: | skof | n | scoff, jest | W7 |
| skovl | n | shovel | TLL | |
| Swedish: | skuffa | vb | to shove, push | W7 |
| skyffel | n | shovel | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *af-skiuban | vb | to shove/push away | GED |
| skiuban | vb | to shove, thrust | ASD | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Slavic: | skubati | vb | to tear | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |